Water collections which may provide breeding habitats for mosquitoes in Qalyubiya Governorate were surveyed throughout the period from April 2009 to March 2011. Mosquito larvae were collected on monthly basis from 14 different breeding places in eight villages. A total of 1800 from 2821 sites (63.8%) were found positive for mosquitoes, including 312 canals, 271 pools, 191 unused wells, 166 rice fields, 142 irrigation channels, 130 ponds, 128 drainages, 115 catch basins, 85 irrigation basins, 82 ditches, 70 swamps, 66 temporary pools, 22 unused tires and 20 irrigation drainage tubes. Mosquito larvae were found in a variety of water collections including temporary, permanent, natural or man-made habitats. Permanent and semipermanent water collections were the main sites for mosquito breeding. Nine mosquito species were identified in the study area namely, Culex pipiens 64.7%, Culiseta longiareolata 13.5%, Cx. antennatus 8.8%, Aedes caspius 6.3%, Cx. vagans 2.5%, Cx. decens 1.9%, Cx. perexiguus 0.9%, Cx. univittatus 0.8% and Anopheles multicolor 0.6%. Simple and Multiple regression models showed that temperature, Ammonia and Nitrate were the best predictors for mosquito larval density (P = 0.0397), (P = 0.0241) and (P = 0.0040), respectively. The year-round presence of immature mosquitoes indicates that climatic conditions of the area are not limiting to the development of most prevailing mosquito species. Catch basins, unused wells and drainages are playing the major role in mosquito problem in Qalyubiya Governorate.

The attractiveness of twenty seven materials (11 of fresh vegetables, 8 of plant seeds, and 8 of oily materials) to adult male and female of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, was evaluated singly and as mixtures under field conditions. The comparison of attractiveness was done between materials in the same group and between the most attractive materials of each group. Results showed that fresh coriander leaves, dill leaves, and zucchini fruit were the most attractive materials of the green vegetables group to both sexes and a combination of coriander leaves and zucchini fruit increased the number of attracted male and female cockroaches. In case of plant seeds, roasted peanut was the most attractive to males and females, whereas peanut butter was the most attractive from oily materials. A mixture composed of equal amounts of roasted peanut, coriander oil, fresh coriander leaves, and zucchini fruit attracted more cockroaches than peanut butter. Addition of cockroach's feces to the mixture increased its attractiveness against cockroaches.

Background: Metal nanoparticles synthesized by various chemical reactions have significantly gained worldwide interest for their use in biomedical applications. These processes exhibit a broad range of toxicity in none target organisms. To avoid the chemical toxicity, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is proposed as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative. Aloe vera (A. vera) leaf extract is a medicinal agent with multiple properties including antibacterial effect. Its constituents include lignin, pectin and hemicellulose which can be used in the reduction of silver ions to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Objective: The aim of this article is to study the use of naturally occurring compounds as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and to investigate the insecticidal activity of these compounds against Musca domestica (M. domestica) larvae. Methods: Phytochemical analysis of A. vera gel extract was performed and the phytochemical components identified by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. AgNPs and encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) were prepared by an eco-friendly method using A. vera gel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. A. vera-AgNPs and A. vera encapsulated CsNPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis spectrum), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then, the insecticidal activity of these compounds was investigated against late second instar larvae of house fly. Results: : The most active ingredients identified by GC-MS analysis were Terpene and Sesquiterpens hydrocarbons. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical with average size about 12-75 nm as revealed by TEM. While encapsulated CsNPs were ranged between 34-75 nm and the shape seems spherical with dark parts confirmed the capsulated plant extract. FTIR and XRD confirmed the successful encapsulation of the gel extract within the chitosan nanoparticles. Results proved the insecticidal potential of the tested compounds against M. domestica larvae and the relative potency of encapsulated CsNPs was nearly 148.51 times more potent than A. vera crude extract whereas, AgNPs was nearly 40.65 times more potent than A. vera crude extract. Furthermore, a prolongation of larval duration and reduction in the percentage pupation and adult emergence were observed. Conclusion: Overall, green-synthesized silver and chitosan nanoparticles are used as a biopesticide for house fly control through safer and cost-effective approach.

Chlorfluazuron (Atabron) is an insect growth regulator (IGR) belongs to benzoylphenyl urea for controlling the major insect pests. The present work aims to investigate the toxicological and biological effects of Chlorfluazuron on the 4th larval instar of rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 ppm) under laboratory conditions. The results revealed high significant mortality in larvae, pupae and adults. The obtained results showed significant decrease in adult emergence, fecundity and fertility. Chlorfluazuron caused also a significant prolongation in larval and pupal developmental period. When 4 th larval instar treated with LC 50 value of Chlorfluazuron (1.2ppm) female production and male's perception to pheromone affected. The results indicated that both treated and untreated sexes of the rust red flour beetle could secrete a pheromone that was able to stimulate the opposite sex as well as its own sex. Although production and responsiveness of pheromone in untreated groups were significantly higher than treated one. Females secreted a pheromone that stimulated males is sex pheromone. While the pheromone secreted by males is an aggregation pheromone. Production and responsiveness to pheromone in untreated virgin sexes was significantly higher than treated one at photophase and scotophase. The maximum production and perception of pheromone in untreated sex were at 15.00 p.m. While a peak in treated one was at 13.00p.m.

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