Artemisinin-resistant malaria has not been reported from Africa, but resistance can possibly spread from Asia or arise independently in Africa. The emergence of artemisinin resistance in Africa can be monitored by molecular assay of Kelch 13 (K13) propeller sequences. A total of 251 archived DNA samples of isolates collected in 2002, 2003, and 2006 in Yaounde, Cameroon, and 47 samples collected in 2006 and 2013 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, were analyzed for K13-propeller sequence polymorphism. Only one isolate carried a mutant K13-propeller allele (E602D). None of the isolates carried the key mutant alleles (Y493H, R539T, I543T, and C580Y) associated with artemisinin resistance in Cambodia. The presence of the mutant allele was not correlated with in vitro response to dihydroartemisinin determined by the classical hypoxanthine incorporation assay. There was no evidence of K13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance before and soon after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire.

BackgroundResistance of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs has hampered efforts to eradicate malaria. Recent reports of a decline in the prevalence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in several countries, including Malawi and Zambia, is raising the hope of reintroducing chloroquine in the near future, ideally in combination with another anti-malarial drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. In Côte d’Ivoire, the decrease in the clinical efficacy of chloroquine, in addition to a high proportion of clinical isolates carrying the Thr-76 mutant allele of the pfcrt gene, had led to the discontinuation of the use of chloroquine in 2004. Previous studies have indicated the persistence of a high prevalence of the Thr-76 mutant allele despite the withdrawal of chloroquine as first-line anti-malarial drug. This present study is conducted to determine the prevalence of the Thr-76T mutant allele of the Pfcrt gene after a decade of the ban on the sale and use of chloroquine in Côte d’Ivoire.ResultsAnalysis of the 64 sequences from all three study sites indicated a prevalence of 15% (10/64) of the Thr-76 mutant allele against 62% (40/64) of the Lys-76 wild-type allele. No mutation of the allele Thr-76 was observed at Anonkoua Kouté while this mutant allele was in 31% (5/16) and 25% (5/20) of isolate sequences from Port-Bouët and Ayamé respectively.ConclusionMore than a decade after the discontinuation of the use of chloroquine in Côte d’Ivoire, the proportion of parasites sensitive to this anti-malarial seems to increase in Anonkoua-kouté, Port-bouët and Ayamé.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2551-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Because of, well established relationship between seasonal variability and diseases dynamism we embarked here in evaluating recurrently diagnosed diseases dynamism at Korhogo General Hospital in Northern Côte d'Ivoire from 2014 to 2018. For this purpose, clinical data with regard 1707 patients were collected and clusterized in 25 diseases cases. Data have been submitted to multivariate and computational statistical survey with the purpose to assess recurrently diagnosed diseases dynamism from 2014 to 2018. Results supported strong effect of year's dynamism on recurrent diseases variability by exhibiting high frequency of malaria and hypertension diseases cases. Findings also revealed two diseases clustering groups in terms of diseases variability dynamism. Of note, malaria and high blood pressure diseases exhibited a contrasting attitude in assessing recurrently diagnosed diseases dynamism. Indeed, high blood pressure disease exhibited regular increasing dynamism by contrast to malaria that displayed a relative irregular increasing dynamism. Variance homogeneity tests and descriptive clustering analysis, clusterized recurrently diagnosed diseases at Korhogo General Hospital in two distinct groups, associated to malaria and hypertension, in terms of those diseases increasing dynamism. Diseases discriminated as exhibiting regular increasing dynamism (i.e. diabetes, gastritis, asthma, gastroenteritis and bronchitis) and associated to hypertension, meanly claim to be influenced by patients age parameter as opposed to those showing irregular increasing dynamism; i.e., malaria and influenza (p>0.05). Furthermore, findings revealed cardiac pathologies dynamism as relatively influenced by patients gender and age as opposed to lumbosciatic, back pain, pneumonia and osteoarthritis diseases dynamism that exhibited sole age parameter as a source of data variability (p=0.02-0.07). To conclude our study highlighted a relative yearly increasing diseases variability and revealed two tendencies in assessing recurrently diagnosed diseases dynamism at Korhogo General Hospital from 2014 to 2018.

Information collected from nine (09) traditional healers in the Moronou village in the Department of Toumodi revealed that Anthocleista djanlonensis is regularly used by the population for primary health care in the processing of malaria. Evaluation of the In vitro antiplasmodial activity showed that the aqueous extracts inhibit growth of clinical isolates and chloroquinoresistant strains (K1) with IC50 of 8.29 µg/mL and 10.23 µg/mL while the ethanolic extracts had IC50 of 37.65 µg/mL and 46.07 µg/mL on the same strains respectively. Results of the In vitro antimalarial bioassay showed that aqueous extracts have promising antiplasmodial effects on clinical isolates and on Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant K1 strain (3 µg/mL <IC50 <15 µg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts contain mainly alkaloids, polyphenols, polyterpenes and flavonoids

Oligonucleotide microarrays data pre-processing procedures impacting gene expression differential survey performances were fully evoked. RNA-Seq tool exhibited high performances (sensitivity) as opposed to microarrays in transcriptomic as well as genomic studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate microarrays data pre-processing dynamism on gene expression differential analysis outcomes, assuming RNA-Seq approach as reference. For this purpose, significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) candidate by processing two Vitis vinifera development stages (veraison and repining), from previous comparative transcriptomic analysis, between RNA-Seq and our own developed custom microarrays designs submitted to 20 different data pre-processing procedures combination schemes in terms of expressed genes signal normalization (DN) and background subtraction (BS) functions developed in R limma package, were structured in nine (9) blocks, depending on microarrays DN+BS and as well BS+DN arrangements, and considered for multivariate statistical analysis. In total, 17,446 genes were common across all microarrays by processing the above mentioned V. vinifera differential analysis and were detected for the subsequent survey. Findings, although recognizing data pre-processing practices as a necessary step for improving microarrays performances suggested background correction procedure (BS+DN) as promoting DEGs data variability by contrast to genes signal normalization pattern (DN+BS). Also, results revealed DN+BS microarray data pre-processing procedure as enhancing oligonucleotide microarrays positive predictive value as well as sensitivity performances. In conclusion, the present survey highlighted the strong impact of microarray data pre-processing procedures (BS+DN and/or DN+BS) on gene expression differential analysis outcome and as well confirmed RNA-Seq as an acceptable approach in assessing oligonucleotide microarray performances in transcriptomic surveys.

Background: Our previous study suggested Korhogo district as strongly influenced by parasitical and infectious diseases and as well high blood pressure (HBP) troubles. In the same study, we shown that recurrently diagnosed diseases at Korhogo Regional Hospital (KRH) clustered in two group, depending on the regular and/or irregular dynamism of their increasing. Diseases with regular increasing dynamism (i.e. hypertension) claiming to be chronic diseases were controlled by patients' anthropomorphic parameters such as age and weight as opposite to diseases with irregular increasing frequency dynamism dominated by malaria and influenza (infectious and tropical diseases). Basing on these results, we embarked here in assessing the relationship between age anthropomorphic parameter and the occurrence of recurrently diagnosed diseases at KRH. Methods: Patients clinical and anthropomorphic parameters data (i.e. age and weight), collected from 2014 to 2018 at the general medicine division of KRH, were subsequently structured and submitted to a multivariate computational statistical analysis in R programming environment. Results: Our findings showed the strong influence of aging on the occurrence of all recurrent listed and analyzed pathologies recorded at KRH from 2014 to 2018 and in particular, on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular troubles dominated by high blood pressure (HBP), osteo-articular/muscular, metabolic diseases (diabetes) and digestive troubles. Conclusion: Considering as a whole, even if our study supported a high concordance between aging and occurrence of diseases recurrently recorded at KRH, it is noteworthy to underline the significant correlation between aging (age increasing) and chronic diseases occurrence. This trend results accentuated for chronic diseases, i.e. high blood pressure, osteoarticular and muscular diseases for age over 50 years.

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