Sarcosine was recently identified as a differential metabolite that is present in urine in elevated concentration as prostate cancer develops metastases. The aim of this study is to prepare reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) nanosensors for the detection of sarcosine. Sarcosine imprinted nanoparticles were prepared by two phase miniemulsion polymerization and characterized with transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy measurements. The glass substrates (10 3 10 mm 2 ) were treated with Piranha solution and incubated in polyethyleneimine solution. The sarcosine imprinted nanoparticles were attached to glass substrates by spin coating of nanoparticle solution. The recognition properties of the nanosensors were evaluated by reflectometric interferometric spectroscopy. To show selectivity of sarcosine imprinted RIfS nanosensor, real-time L-alanine detection was also performed. Sarcosine detection studies were performed from aqueous solution and urine sample. A good linearity was revealed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9622 and a detection limit of 45 nM.
To investigate intrinsic physicochemical properties and interactions of three different calcium hydroxide‐based medications via means of different analytical methods. Two‐commercial premixed medications: TempCanal(TCmx) and ProCalR(PCmx) and powder‐form ProCal(PCpw) with glycerin were used. Vibrational modes were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. Spectral mapping of samples was carried out using characteristic vibrational modes of calcium hydroxide and barium sulfate. Crystalline and amorphous phases were studied with X‐rays powder diffraction analysis. Topographic features were examined by scanning electron microscope examination and quantitative analysis was determined using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Strong OH stretch of in Raman spectra were observed at 3,697 and 3,615 cm−1 for TCmx and reference, respectively. However, OH mode was not observed for PCmx and PCpw. Moreover, some peaks in the fingerprint areas of TCmx and PCpw overlapped with each other. The characteristic vibration bands of barium sulfate and calcium hydroxide were observed in all samples, and no new peak was observed in the Raman spectra of samples. Calcium hydroxide‐based medications were seen as differed in their chemical composition. No new crystalline or amorphous phase peak was observed. Only calcium hydroxide and barium sulfate were matched in X‐rays powder‐diffraction analysis. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis showed that amount of Ba and S elements in the PCpw were lower than TCmx and PCmx whereas, for Ca in the PCpw was higher than TCmx and PCmx. The present study revealed the structural difference among different forms of calcium hydroxide‐based medications. The vehicle and substrates of the tested medications altered the physicochemical properties of the compound via electrostatic interactions.
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