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Rhamnolipid, among the most effective biosurfactants, is a glycolipid‐type biosurfactant primarily produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, rhamnolipid production was carried out using a strain of P. aeruginosa and it is aimed to compare rhamnolipid biopolymers obtained from various extraction methods using glycine (RG), hydrochloric acid (RH), diethyl ether (RD), ethyl acetate (RE). Comparison analyses were performed through NMR, FTIR techniques and viscosity, density measurements apart from determination of rhamnolipid yields. It can be concluded that rhamnolipid from diethyl ether for extraction is far from molecular structure to reference rhamnolipid molecule according to instrumental analyses performed. Besides, the yield of this rhamnolipid is much more than other rhamnolipids extracted through other methods but this is misleading because the value in there may be total sugar content apart from rhamnolipid. Therefore, RD extraction method can be said to be non‐selective process for rhamnolipid obtained. In RH method, some functional group peaks belonging to rhamnolipid were not observed. NMR analysis showed that some CH groups were not observed in the RG method. However, especially NMR and FTIR analyses showed that rhamnolipid obtained from RE method represented more accurate rhamnolipid based on reference molecule. Practical applications: This study showed that rhamnolipid production and its comparative analyses using various solvent extraction methods. Comparison analyses were carried out through NMR, FTIR techniques and viscosity, density measurements as well as determination of rhamnolipid yields. Different solvents affect seriously characteristics of rhamnolipid, which were defined in the previous literature reports. Especially, some methods are not selective ways for mentioning true biomolecule. To avoid misleading characterization information in the literature, these extraction methods were discussed through comparison methods such as NMR, FTIR analyses, and quantification measurements. Rhamnolipid biopolymers obtained from various extraction methods using glycine (RG), hydrochloric acid (RH), diethyl ether (RD), ethyl acetate (RE) are compared through NMR, FTIR techniques, and viscosity, density measurements. These analyses show that rhamnolipid obtained from RE method represents more accurate rhamnolipid based on reference molecule.

Objective: In the present work, we report for the first time the therapeutic potential of talazoparib (BMN 673)-SLNs for the treatment of BRCA1 deficient Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). BMN 673-SLNs were produced by hot-homogenization technique and then characterized. Methods: The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of BMN 673-SLNs compared with BMN 673 were determined on HCC1937BRCA1-/-, HCC1937-R resistant TNBC and MCF-10A control cell lines. BMN 673- SLNs were found to have reduced particle size (219.5 ± 1.45 nm) and thus more stable (-28.4 ± 2.52 mV) than BMN 673 (1652 ± 2.46 nm and -18.6 ± 0.45 mV) at 4°C. Results: In vitro cell line studies demonstrated that BMN 673-SLNs showed significant cytotoxic effects on HCC1937 (29.8%) and HCC1937-R cells (35.7%) at 10 nM for 12 days compared with BMN 673 (HCC1937 cells: 34.0% and HCC1937-R cells: 93.8% at 10 nM for 12 days) (p<0.05). Additionally, BMN 673-SLNs (40.1%) reduced the toxicity of BMN 673 (53.1%) on MCF-10A control cells thanks to unique physical properties. Conclusion: The apoptotic rates in the 10 nM BMN 673-SLNs treatment (88.78% and 85.56%) for 12 days were significantly higher than those in 10 nM BMN 673 (82.6% and 25.86%) for 12 days in HCC1937 and HCC1937-R cells, respectively (p<0.01). Furthermore, these effects were consistent with the findings of colony formation, wound healing and calcein accumulation analysis. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of BMN 673-SLNs provides a promising chemotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of drugresistant TNBC.

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Many anticancer drugs that are currently used in cancer treatment are natural products or their analogues by structural modification. Caffeic acid (3, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid; CA) is classified as hydroxycinnamic acid and has a variety of potential pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. As a drug carrier, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) introduced to improve stability, provide controlled drug release, avoid organic solvents and are obtained in small sizes. In this study, we developed solid lipid nanoparticles incorporating with caffeic acid using hot homogenization method. Caffeic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were characterized regarding particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, drug release, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR. The effects of caffeic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells were determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-dimethyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and Annexin V-PI analysis. As a result, solid lipid nanoparticles could potentially be used for the delivery of caffeic acid and solid lipid nanoparticles formulation enhanced the effects of caffeic acid on MCF-7 cells. Some relevant patents are also referred in this article.

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