Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting the world, seen in more than 1,300,000 patients. COVID -19 acts through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Cardiovascular comorbidities are more common with COVID-19, and nearly 10% of cases develop myocarditis (22% of critical patients). Further research is needed to continue or discontinue ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which are essential in hypertension and heart failure in COVID-19. Intensive research is promising for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
Endothelial cell dysfunction proceeding with increased inflammation and monocyte increase is one of the main causes of vessel injury in CAD. SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) protein plays an important role in the regulation of cellular physiological mechanisms. SIRT1 has roles in regulating angiogenesis and preventing endothelial dysfunction and reperfusion injury due to ischemia. Suppression of SIRT1 causes monocyte affinity due to endothelial dysfunction. Sirtuins activators are involved in pathologies of many diseases with promising treatments. The objective of this review is to summarize the current progress and future directions of sirtuin protein in the field of CAD.
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Like other adipokines, omentin-1 is secreted from visceral adipose tissue and plays a vital role
in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular events. Recent
studies have shown that circulating omentin-1 levels are associated with various metabolic risk
factors, such as high blood pressure, increased waist circumference, dyslipidemia, and glucose
intolerance. The decrease in serum omentin level is an independent predictor of coronary artery
disease (CAD) and is associated with the severity of this disease. Since there is no relevant
review in the literature, we aimed to summarize the studies on the relationship between
omentin-1 and CAD.
Recently, muscular function/dysfunction has gained importance in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in coordinating the activity and metabolism of endocrine organs by secreting many myokines, especially irisin. Irisin
is a polypeptide hormone consisting of 112 amino acids secreted into the blood from muscle and adipose tissues. Serum irisin levels are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance as defined by homeostatic model assessment. Irisin reduces endothelial
damage by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, thus playing a key role in maintaining endothelial cell function. Unsurprisingly, low irisin levels cause endothelial dysfunction and increase the incidence of atherosclerosis. We aimed to summarize the studies on this issue since we
have not found any review in the literature on the role of serum irisin levels in the process of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular events in cardiovascular diseases.
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Serum resistin, mainly secreted by the bone marrow, monocytes, and macrophages, contributes to many processes, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, and atherothrombosis demonstrating effects on the development of hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD). Previously published clinical studies have shown that plasma resistin levels are significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and adverse clinical outcomes associated with the condition. Resistin is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in vitro, most plausibly due to its relationship with oxidative stress in advanced atherosclerosis, whereas in vivo studies have shown resistin to be associated with intimal hyperplasia. We aimed to summarize the role of resistin on cardiovascular disease (CVD), as we could not find any review focused on the role of resistin on CVD.
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR) is demonstrated as a more precise marker in determining the prognosis of critical diseases than albumin and CRP levels, separately. Recently, inflammatory biomarkers are increasingly used for both screening and prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). As an ischemia-dependent risk index, CAR is an independent marker of in-hospital and long-term all-cause mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. The results indicate that CAR is a more effective prognostic marker than either CRP or albumin.
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