Methodology: We included 150 patients (30 men, 120 women; age range 11-70 years) who gave consent to be included in the study. Swabs were taken from dental plaque and inoculated on basal salt medium containing yeast and bacterial colonies obtained were identified biochemically according Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Antibiotic susceptibility test was then conducted on the isolates identified. Results: Ninety-five (63.3%) patients had cavities located at the molars, forty-five (30%) between molar and premolar and ten (6.7%) located at the gingival margin. One hundred and twenty (80%) samples were obtained from female patients and thirty (20%) from male patients. Lactobacillus species had the highest occurrence (28.8%). The least was Fusobacterium species (0.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that Enterobacter species was resistant to all the three antibiotics used in this study. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus were resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin but sensitive to all the three antibiotics. Conclusion: A few common acidogenic bacteria known to colonize dental plaque were identified. Susceptibility of the various bacterial isolates to the selected antibiotics varied. Further studies on susceptibility of these bacteria to commonly used antibiotics, antibacterial mouth washes and toothpastes are necessary in order to understand their epidemiology, to limit the spread of resistant bacteria. Larger sample size studies with better isolation, identification and characterization methods are needed. These studies could lead to the identification of strategies for effective biological interventions in the caries process and thereby contribute to improved prevention and treatment.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by the presence and growth of microorganisms in the urinary tract. In most cases empirical antimicrobial treatment is usually initiated before the laboratory results are made available; hence the need for antibiotic susceptibility test to enhance management of UTI. The study was designed to determine the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary tract bacteria isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic diabetic patients at Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos. 100 mid-stream urine samples (app. 20 mls) were aseptically collected into sterile containers after informed consent of diabetic patients of ages 20 years and above were analyzed at Central Diagnostic Laboratory NVRI Vom. The isolates were identified using standard bacteriological techniques after been cultured on MacConkey and CLED agars. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done in accordance with NCCLS disc diffusion methods. The results were then analyzed using chi square test. Of the 100 urine samples, different bacterial uropathogens were isolated, with a prevalence of 40%. The bacteria isolates were; Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) (37.5%), Escherichia coli (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Streptococcus spp (10%). Esherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly resistant to most antibiotics used, while coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp were highly sensitive to most antibiotics used in this study. Self-medication including antibiotics is clearly a major culprit. Behavioral Change Communication to all stake holders is increased to cover all radio and TV stations in the state. In addition, investigations (routine microscopy, culture and sensitivity of urine) be completed before treatment is commenced in order to mitigate acquisition and spread of drug resistance by bacteria.

IntroductionCryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhea in children and immune-compromised individuals. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have led to the discovery of subtype families that are thought to be more commonly associated with diarrhea. We aimed to isolate and characterize Cryptosporidium spp among children with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria.MethodsStool samples were collected from165 children aged 0-5 years with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium oocysts were examined by wet mount preparation, using formalin ether and a modified acid fast staining method. DNA was extracted from positive samples using QIAamp DNA stool mini kit and PCR-RFLP assay was carried out after quantification. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were done to determine the subtype families and their relatedness.ResultsFrom the 165 children studied, 8 (4.8%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. PCR-RFLP assay and genotype characterization found the following Cryptosporidium species: C. hominis 6 (75%) and C. parvum 2 (25.0%), with family subtypes Id-5, Ie-1 and IIa-1, IId-1 respectively.The most common species was C. hominis and the frequent subtype was C. hominis-Id 5 (62.5%).ConclusionCryptosporidium is not an uncommon cause of diarrhea in children, with C. hominis being the dominant species. Also C. hominis Id is the commonest sub-family subtype. Put together, zoonotic species may be an important cause of diarrhea in children aged 0-5 years in Jos, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT:The disposal of wastewater in water bodies has a negative impact in the environment and the health of people who use such water bodies for either irrigation or drinking purposes. In this study, we evaluated the parasitological profile of wastewater from the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital sewage treatment plant, Zaria, Nigeria using the magnesium sulphate floatation method. The parasite removal efficiency of biosand filter was also tested in comparison with the sewage treatment plant. A total of 960 L of wastewater was examined and a significant level of parasite eggs, cysts and oocysts were detected. In all, 1,648 parasites eggs, cysts and oocysts per litre were counted. Ova of Ascaris spp showed the highest count/litre of 307 (18.63%) followed by ova of Taenia spp (n=287; 17.42%). The least count per litre was exhibited by cysts of Giardia spp (n=58; 3.52%). The analysis revealed that 52.61% of the parasite eggs, cysts and oocysts was removed by the sewage treatment plant while egg removal efficiency of the biosand filter was 97.45%. Further comparison of mean parasite eggs/litre in the effluents of biosand filter and the sewage treatment plant using Wilcoxon's Signed Ranks Test indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) with biosand filter having lower counts per litre. The results obtained therefore demonstrate that the raw wastewater was laden with parasite eggs, cysts and oocysts and hence pose public health threat to the users of the effluent downstream. The biosand filter was more efficient than the sewage treatment plant; its effluent contains insufficient level of the ova, cysts and oocysts of parasites well below the less than one (<1) helminth ova/protozoa cysts as recommended by WHO. © JASEM

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