-Climate change and global warming have become a challenging issue affecting not only humanity but also flora and fauna due to an intense increase of CO 2 emission in the atmosphere which has gradually led to amplification in the average global temperature. Hence, a number of mechanisms have been promoted to diminish the atmospheric commutation of carbon dioxide. One of the well-known techniques is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) which mechanism is based on capture and storage vast quantities of CO 2 , as well as Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) which mechanism is based on CO 2 conversion to liquid fuels (e.g. methanol, hydrocarbons, carbonate, propylene, dimethyl ether, ethylene, etc.). Particularly, methanol (CH 3 OH) is a key feedstock for industrial chemicals, which further can be converted into high molecular alternative liquid fuels. In this regard, hydrogenation of CO 2 is one of the promising, effectual and economic techniques for utilization of CO 2 emission. Nevertheless, the reduction/activation of CO 2 into useful liquid products is a scientifically challenging issue due to the complexities associated with its high stability. Thus, various catalysts have been applied to reduce the activation energy of the hydrogenation process and transform CO 2 into value-added products. Thereby, this review article highlights the progress and the recent advances of research investigation in Cu and Fe-based catalytic conversion of CO 2 , reaction mechanisms, catalytic reactivity, and influence of operating parameters on product efficiency.
The exponential population growth in urban areas makes existing solid waste management policies and strategies challenging. The situation becomes more strenuous in fast-growing cities where increasing waste production can hardly be met by the capacity of existing facilities. Practices like waste prevention, recycling, reuse, and recovery are fundamental elements needed for the reduction of solid waste disposed in landfills, especially in fast-growing cities where more sustainable management practices need to be adopted. This study investigated the behavioral attitudes of citizens of the capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan (former Astana), towards household solid waste disposal and separation at the source. The survey was conducted through stratified random sampling during April and July of 2018 with the participation of 3281 respondents. It is the first attempt, to our knowledge, of assessing recycling trends in Kazakhstan from the household perspective. The results showed that 24% of respondents were already sorting household solid waste despite the absence of a separation system at the source. The study further demonstrated that separation at source could be effective if the local authorities were to introduce sound public awareness campaigns and install recycling bins in close proximity to residential buildings.
The technologies used to prepare the soil for sowing cotton seeds in Uzbekistan have a number of significant drawbacks. Therefore, reducing labour and energy costs, as well as saving resources when cultivating crops based on advanced technologies and developing high-performance agricultural machines is of current interest. The aim of this study is to substantiate the machine parameters for forming ridges in the cotton fields with a simultaneous application of fertilizers. New technology has been developed for the formation of ridges with a simultaneous application of fertilizer in the fields with harvested cotton stalks, which loosens the soil in the middle of existing furrows of the cotton-plant, loosening the existing ridge with simultaneous application of fertilizers and forming new ridges in their place in one pass. An improved chisel – cultivator – fertilizer with ridge – forming agents were developed to implement the proposed technology. It has been established that the formation of a high – quality ridge is ensured with local fertilizer application along with a sowing line of a required degree with the following relative positions of the machine’s working bodies: a minimum longitudinal distance from the cultivator to the support wheel is 20 cm, a minimum longitudinal distance of the ridge former to the cultivator coulter is 31.3 cm, the distance between adjacent rippers 60 or 90 cm, the transverse distance from the cultivator to the support wheel is 30 or 45 cm.
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