Abstract. Phenol is toxic and can be found in many environments, in particular in the
atmosphere due to its high volatility. It can be emitted directly from
manufacturing processes or natural sources, and it can also result from
benzene oxidation. Although phenol biodegradation by microorganisms has been
studied in many environments, the cloud medium has not been investigated yet
as the discovery of active microorganisms in cloud is rather recent. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the potential degradation of
phenol by cloud microorganisms. Phenol concentrations were measured by GC-MS
on two cloud samples collected at the PUY station (summit of Puy de Dôme,
1465 m a.s.l., France): they ranged from 0.15 to
0.21 µg L−1. The strategy for investigating its potential biodegradation involved a
metatranscriptomic analysis and metabolic screening of bacterial strains
from cloud water collected at the PUY station for phenol degradation
capabilities (from the 145 tested strains, 33 were isolated for this work). Among prokaryotic messenger RNA-enriched metatranscriptomes obtained from
three cloud water samples, which were different from those used for phenol quantification,
we detected transcripts of genes coding for enzymes involved in phenol
degradation (phenol monooxygenases and phenol hydroxylases) and its main
degradation product, catechol (catechol 1,2-dioxygenases). These enzymes were
likely from Gammaproteobacteria, a dominant class in clouds, more
specifically the genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Bacterial isolates from cloud water samples (Pseudomonas spp.,
Rhodococcus spp., and strains from the Moraxellaceae family) were
screened for their ability to degrade phenol: 93 % of the 145 strains
tested were positive. These findings highlight the possibility of phenol
degradation by microorganisms in clouds. Metatranscriptomic analysis suggested that phenol could be
biodegraded in clouds, while 93 % of 145 bacterial strains isolated from
clouds were able to degrade phenol.
The benefits of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are well known and widely realized in various applications; however, HRMS is very rarely utilized in environmental GC/MS analyses. It is assumed that low resolution GC/MS provides adequate and reliable results in the majority of cases dealing with priority pollutants and other volatile and semivolatile compounds. As environmental issues become more and more important in modern society and new generations of high resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometers become available, it is quite reasonable to expect improvements in sensitivity, reliability and quantity of information provided by GC/MS analyses. This article demonstrates the advantages of high resolution GC/MS for qualitative and quantitative environmental analyses including targeted and non-targeted approaches as well as de novo structural elucidation of analytes not present in commercial libraries. Most of the examples presented here involve the GC/MS analysis of snow samples collected in 2012 and 2013 in Moscow, Russia.
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