Identification of avobenzone by-products formed by various disinfectants in different types of swimming pool waters

Lebedev, A. T.; Kralj, Mojca Bavcon; Polyakova, O. V.; Detenchuk, Elena A.; Покрышкин, С. А.; Trebše, Polonca

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105495

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In one study, during the chlorination of AVO in reconstituted seawater (with a concentration of about 70 mg/L of bromide at pH 8.0, excluding the presence and possible role of the organic material normally present in solution), the presence of other brominated carbon derivatives was detected on the alpha carbon between the two carbonyl groups, namely the brominated products AVO/65 and AVO/66 as well as increasing quantities of bromoform (4, Scheme 2)-the ultimate product of oxidative degradation [38] (Scheme 6)-as a function of time. Among all solar filters, AVO has been studied in more detail; various groups have evaluated its reactivity in the chlorination reaction in distilled water [39][40][41][42][43], in water in the presence of dissolved organic material [39], in swimming pool water [44], in seawater, [40,45] and in the bromination reaction with KBrO in water [44]. In addition, one study evaluated its transformation due to the effect of irradiation with UV rays, during which it was stable at a maximum absorption at 254 nm [42].…”

Section: -Tert-butyl-4 -Methoxy-dibenzoylmethane (Avo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Fate of Organic Sunscreens during Water Disinfection Processes: The Formation of Degradation By-Products and Their Toxicological Profiles

et al. 2022

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The development of any commercial product should also be aimed at reducing the risk associated with it, according to the safe-by-design concept; that is, risk assessment should always be at the center of the design, and the impact on human and environmental health should be assessed and eliminated during the product development phase and not afterwards. Unfortunately, even today, most operators in any production sector implement the philosophy of “risk management” or rather of managing the problem when it occurs, using spot interventions instead of changing the approach. This argument is also valid in the production of solar filters, which have reached a satisfactory degree of efficiency in the face of a substantial underestimation of the risks associated with their possible environmental fate. In fact, solar filters have been found in bathing waters and their environmental fate may depend on various factors such as the pH of the water, the presence of organic material, metal ions and light, and, above all, the chemical agents used in the disinfection of the water itself. Thus, during disinfection processes, the generation of dozens of products with a lower molecular weight and generally of an aromatic nature has been tested, where some of them did not receive an exact structural definition and a precise evaluation of their precise toxicological profile. Therefore, it is interesting to draw a complete picture of organic sunscreens and of the byproducts obtained under different conditions and their related ecotoxicological profile.

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Section: -Tert-butyl-4 -Methoxy-dibenzoylmethane (Avo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Fate of Organic Sunscreens during Water Disinfection Processes: The Formation of Degradation By-Products and Their Toxicological Profiles

et al. 2022

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“…In this case, brominated transformation products were generated from reactions between EHMC and bromine, which is formed when chlorine is added to seawater in the presence of this filter (Manasfi et al, 2017). Moreover, studies suggest that contact with swimming pools water is capable of causing different symptoms, such as asthma and allergy, which are associated with microbial and chemical hazards (Bernard et al, 2006;Lebedev et al, 2020;Pasquarella et al, 2014). Vione et al (2015) performed EHMC direct and indirect photolysis, and it was observed that, following this filter degradation, several transformation products were identified.…”

Section: Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamatementioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Toxicological effects on marine biota and human concerns

Silva

Santos

Castro

et al. 2021

J of Applied Toxicology

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Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) (CAS number: 5466-77-3) and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) (CAS number: 70356-09-1) are important sunscreens. However, frequent application of large amounts of these compounds may reflect serious environmental impact, once it enters the environment through indirect release via wastewater treatment or immediate release during water activities. In this article, we reviewed the toxicological effects of EHMC and BMDM on aquatic ecosystems and the human consequences. According to the literature, EHMC and BMDM have been detected in water samples and sediments worldwide.Consequently, these compounds are also present in several marine organisms like fish, invertebrates, coral reefs, marine mammals, and other species, due to its bioaccumulation potential. Studies show that these chemicals are capable of damaging the aquatic beings in different ways. Further, bioaccumulation studies have shown that EHMC biomagnifies through trophic levels, which makes human seafood consumption a concern because the higher position in the trophic chain, the more elevate levels of ultraviolet (UV) filters are detected, and it is established that EHMC present adverse effects on the human organism. In contrast, there are no studies on the BMDM bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential. Different strategies can be adopted to avoid the damage caused by sunscreens in the environment and human organism. Two of them include the use of natural photoprotectors, such as polyphenols, in association with UV filters in sunscreens and the development of new and safer UV filters. Overall, this review shows the importance of studying the impacts of sunscreens in nature and developing safer sunscreens and formulations to safeguard marine fauna, ecosystems, and humans.

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“…Anthropogenic impacts have an additional consequence. More and more industrial products appear in natural water and react with disinfecting agents at water treatment stations, producing novel DBPs [24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and Statistical Analysis of Formation of Organochlorine and Organobromine Compounds in Drinking Water of Different Water Intakes

Vozhdaeva

Kholova²,

Melnitskiy³

et al. 2021

Molecules

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The main drawback of drinking water chlorination involves the formation of quite hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs), represented mainly by halogenated species. Based on the authors’ monitoring data since 2002, the prevalence of chlorine over bromine in the composition of volatile DBPs was shown for the drinking water in Ufa (Russia). However, the situation was completely reversed in the case of semi-volatile DBPs. The principal goal of the present study involved rationalization of the results of the long-term monitoring. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile DBPs. Identification of semi-volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS, while gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was used for their quantification. A significant contribution of oxygen to the composition of semi-volatile compounds proves the decisive role of the dissolved organic matter oxidative destructive processes. Statistical analysis revealed notable linear correlations for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation vs. chlorine dose. On the contrary, halogenated semi-volatile products do not demonstrate any correlations with the water quality parameters or chlorine dose. Principal component analysis (PCA) placed them into separate groups. The results allow for proposing that formation of the organohalogenated species involved the fast penetration of bromine into the humic matter molecules and, further, their oxidative destruction by active chlorine.

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Identification of avobenzone by-products formed by various disinfectants in different types of swimming pool waters

Cited by 26 publications

References 42 publications

Environmental Fate of Organic Sunscreens during Water Disinfection Processes: The Formation of Degradation By-Products and Their Toxicological Profiles

Environmental Fate of Organic Sunscreens during Water Disinfection Processes: The Formation of Degradation By-Products and Their Toxicological Profiles

Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Toxicological effects on marine biota and human concerns

Monitoring and Statistical Analysis of Formation of Organochlorine and Organobromine Compounds in Drinking Water of Different Water Intakes

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