Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of the treatment of localized cancers, based on a photochemical reaction between a light-activated molecule or photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen. Correct choice of PS is of fundamental importance for PDT efficacy. Despite numerous studies in this field, most known PS have some drawbacks, e.g. lack of specificity and aggregation in aqueous media. Consequently, the search for an ideal PS is essential for further development of PDT. Here we review classification and analyse main features of different generations of PS and describe the mechanisms of their action. Various methods of targeted delivery of PS to tumor cells are discussed. The advantages of PS nanoparticles with the effect of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) over the classic photosensitizers are presented. A possibility of practical application of such light-emitting structures in cancer phototherapy is shown. K e y w o r d s: photodynamic therapy (PDT), photosensitizer, aggregation-induced emission ABBrEVIATIONS AEMA -2-aminoethyl methacrylate ALA -5-aminolevulinic acid AlPc -aluminum-phthalocyanine chloride AlPcS4 -aluminium-phthalocyanine tetrasulphonated (Photosens) AlS2Pc -disulfonated phthalocyanine BDP -borondipyrromethene BHQ3 -black hole quencher3 BSA -bovine serum albumin c(rGDfc) -Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Cys cyclicpeptide crGD -cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid DCF-DA -dichlorofluoresceindiacetate DMSO -Dimethylsulfoxide DPBA-TPE -(3,3'-(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)bis(2-(4bromophenyl)acrylonitrile)-tetraphenylethene DSPE-PEG-Mal -1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)] DTPEBBTD -Donor-tetraphenylethene-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) Fr/NIr -far-red/ near-infrared GFLG -Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-peptide HPMA -N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide m-THPP -meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (Foscan)
Inflammatory diseases of the teeth, mucous membranes with its precancerous alterations in the form of leuko- and erythroplakia, hyperkeratosis, papillomas occur in the oral cavity under the influence of its microflora. Among the causal factors there is chronic pressure onto oral mucosa areas caused by laminar dentures, tooth fragments, as well as chewing tobacco, and alcohol abuse. Occupational hazards can also contribute to the occurrence of precancerous conditions. The objective of this study is to provide the conceptual framework for prevention of oral cancer with the consideration of its underlying causes and their early detection and prevention in accordance with medical and diagnostic tactics and visual assessment of their effectiveness. The study included 54 patients treated for precancerous diseases of the oral cavity at the Department of Head and Neck Tumours, Poltava Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary. There were 34 men and 20 women aged from 42 to 76 years. According to the anamnesis of the patients, local changes in the oral mucosa were painless, small in size, their duration varied from 3 to more than 2 years. Local papillomatous mucosal newgrowths 1 cm in diameter were found in 17 patients, the same size changes with pronounced hyperkeratosis were diagnosed in 8 patients, leukoplakia was found in 9 patients, and warty leukoplakia slightly raised over the mucosa was seen in 8 patients. 18 patients had those changes in the area of the root of the tongue,13 patients – on the lateral surface of the tongue; 11 patients – in the area of the buccal mucosa. Histological findings of removed warty leukoplakia in 4 patients and papillomatous masses in 2 patients revealed atypism of the basal cell epithelium with its proliferation that indicates the beginning of malignancy. Precancerous alterations in the oral mucosa because of their silent cause can result in the progression of the disease and its late detections. Timely diagnosis of precancerous alterations in the oral mucosa due to their foci character and painlessness is impossible without a thorough intraoral examination. This examination should become a component of mandatory annual preventive checkups for persons over 40 years.
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