Dipeptide mimetic of the nerve growth factor (NGF) loop 4, hexamethylenediamide
bis-(N-monosuccinyl- glutamyl-lysine) (GK-2), was synthesized at the V.V.
Zakusov Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of
Medical Sciences. GK-2 exhibited in vitro neuroprotective activity at nanomolar
concentrations, was efficient in animal models of the Parkinson’s disease,
ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and global cerebral ischemia at doses of
0.01–5 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) and 10 mg/kg (per os). The mnemotropic effects
of subchronic intraperitoneal administration of GK-2 on rat models of the
Alzheimer’s disease are described in this paper. Dipeptide GK-2 at a dose of 1
mg/kg is found to decrease the habituation deficit induced by the
septo-hippocampal pathway transsection and, at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, to
significantly prevent spatial memory impairment in Morris water maze induced by
intracerebral injection of streptozotocin. Thus, GK-2, an original dipeptide
mimetic of NGF, acts on models of the Alzheimer’s disease upon systemic
administration.
An intraperitoneal injection of GK-2 (dipeptide mimetic of nerve growth factor, 0.01-5.00 mg/kg) 24 h before the adverse exposure reduced the severity of haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. This agent retained the activity after oral administration in a dose of 10 mg/kg. An intraperitoneal injection of GK-2 in a dose of 1 mg/kg reduced the severity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian syndrome in mice. Administration of GK-2 45 min after haloperidol treatment was also followed by a decrease in the degree of catalepsy. The repeated intraperitoneal treatment with GK-2 in a dose of 1 mg/kg after intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was shown to prevent the development of apomorphine-induced rotations in rats.
The article presents the system of assessment criteria worked out by the authors which allows determining the level of the urban territory development of Orenburg. All the criteria are presented in five categories, each of them containing the relevant indicators: transport accessibility, cultural and social services, demand for housing, development potential, landscape and environmental characteristics of the environment. The assessment is aimed at determining the quality of environmental characteristics of each city district for subsequent identification of the possible level of depressiveness. The authors propose some strategies for rehabilitation, such as transport infrastructure development; improvement of the district environmental; economic growth and reviving investment attractiveness of the district and the city of Orenburg; improvement of the comfort of living for citizens and socio-cultural qualities of the city environment.
Glycine stabilizes energetics of brain mitochondria under conditions of brain hypoxia in vivo modeled by ligation of the common carotid artery in rats. Hypoxia reduced respiratory control in brain cortex mitochondria from 7.7 ± 0.5 to 4.5 ± 0.3. Preliminary oral administration of glycine almost completely prevented this decrease. In both in vitro models of hypoxia, similar phosphorylation disturbances were detected in both cortical slices and isolated brain mitochondria; they were effectively prevented by glycine. Hypoxia activates H(2)O(2) generation in mitochondrial suspension. The process is significantly reduced in the presence of 5 mM glycine. It is concluded that both in the model of hypoxia in vivo and during in vitro modeling of hypoxia in cortical slices and mitochondria, glycine acts as a protector inhibiting generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and preventing energetics disturbances in brain mitochondria.
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