In cattle breeding during breeding season, great importance is attached to the selection of male and female pairs. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of inbreeding on the milk production of cows of different genotypes. It was found that the main number of animals in the herd was obtained using remote inbreeding, which is 83.8%. The use of related mating led to a decrease in the age of the first calving by 0.3 months, a lactation period by 0.4, and a slight increase in milk yield by 78 kg with a decrease in the mass fraction of fat by 0.01% and protein by 0.02%, relative to outbred cows. A significant change in the productive longevity of animals obtained by outbred breeding and the use of a moderate level of inbreeding (P≤0.05) was noted. The effect of blood on Holstein breed on the productive qualities of cows was also established. An increase in blood level to 75-91% led to an increase in milk yield and qualitative indicators of productivity. Thus, the average milk yield in the group increased by 566 kg or 9.4%, while increasing the mass fraction of fat by 0.04% and protein by 0.04%. The best indicators of productivity within the genotype groups were established with a remote level of inbreeding and a genotype of Holstein breed 91-97% blood. In the future, when developing a breeding plan, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the best quality indicators of productivity, namely the mass fraction of fat and the mass fraction of protein are higher in cows with a genotype from 76 to 91% and a moderate level of inbreeding - 3.97% and 3.08%.
The selection of high-producing cows into the group of cows carrying bull calves is of great importance for successful breeding as for a single farm, as for the industry in the whole region. Present work analyses the productivity of the cattle herd in Sverdlovsk region. It was established that the percentage of cows with the yield of more than 7.0 tons of milk per lactation constantly increases. For instance, in 2015, the percentage of such cows was 41.4%, while by 2017 it increased up to 54.2%. Considering generally increased milk yield, the farms have cows with record breaking yields. The absolute champion of 2017 is cow Snegurka 5242 which yield amounted to 17,120 kg of milk per one lactation with the mass fraction of fat of 3.90%, mass fraction of protein of 3.25% and nutritional yield (fat + proteins) of 1223 kg. The analysis of the high-producing cow genotype has demonstrated that the animals with I2D'E'3G'O' allele are characterized by the highest productivity. In the group of selected 2919 cows with the productivity of more than 10.0 tons of milk, 77 species have the yield of more than 11515 kg of milk regarding the maximum lactation. The most highly productive animals can have G2I2Y2E'3Q' allele, 180 animals (6.2%) in the whole group. The determination of the alleles characterizing the immuno-genetic status of high-producing cows allows defining the potential productivity of the offspring and, using this data as the basis, carrying out early estimation of animal productivity aimed at their selection into the group of cows carrying bull calves.
УДК 378.147 ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ПРИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПЛЕМЕННОЙ РАБОТЫ И КОРМЛЕНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ В. Ф. ГРИДИН, главный научный сотрудник, С. Л. ГРИДИНА, главный научный сотрудник, О. И. ЛЕШОНОК, ведущий научный сотрудник, Уральский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйствафилиал Уральского федерального аграрного научно-исследовательского центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (620913, Свердловская обл., п. Исток, ул. Главная, д. 21) Ключевые слова: компьютер, селекционная работа, система управления, охота, рацион, питательность. Использование информационных технологий в сельскохозяйственном производстве, особенно в животноводстве, обеспечивает повышение производительности труда животноводов, увеличивает продуктивность животных, облегчает учет и анализ показателей. Для ведения племенного учета и контроля селекционной работы все племенные организации используют компьютерную программу «СЕЛЭКС». Для беспривязного содержания крупного рогатого скота разработан ряд программ, облегчающих учет и контроль стада. Наиболее информативна программа «Афифарм», разработанная в Израиле. Одной из первых компьютерных программ для животноводства была создана программа для расчета и балансировки рационов животных. В настоящее время в странах с развитой отраслью молочного животноводства используются свои программы. В России применяется программа «Рацион», разработанная в фирме «Плинор». Селекционная работа со стадом крупного рогатого скота значительно упрощается, так как в базе данных имеется полная характеристика, начиная от родословной и заканчивая показателями продуктивности, здоровья, воспроизводства за все время жизни каждого животного. При проведении бонитировки крупного рогатого скота существенное внимание уделяется линейной оценке животных. Глазомерная оценка животных по экстерьеру проводится у коров-первотелок с 30-го по 150-й день лактации. При этом оценивается 20 показателей экстерьера по пятибалльной шкале. Результаты заносятся в базу данных программы, при этом автоматически определяется экстерьерный профиль животного. Использование информационных технологий способствует увеличению производительности труда зооветспециалистов, значительно облегчает их труд и, в конечном итоге, позволяет повышать продуктивность, сохранность животных и улучшать селекционный процесс.
In the Sverdlovsk region, holstinized black-and-white cattle of the Ural type is bred, which is represented by large, highly productive animals with a high genetic potential for productivity. The purpose of the work is to study the productive qualities of Holsteinized black-and-white cattle with a high proportion of blood relationship in the Holstein breed, depending on the linear affiliation and their relationship. There are no differences in milk yield and milk quality indicators in cows of different lines. All cows were of dairy productivity, as evidenced by the high coefficient of milk production. There was a significant difference between groups of cows of different lines in terms of the lactation stability coefficient, which was higher in the group of cows of the Reflection Sovering line (P≤0.05). The figure clearly shows that the correlation between milk yield and milk quality indicators – FDM and PDM in milk is negative, that is, with an increase in milk yield, there is a decrease in FDM and PDM in milk. A positive correlation has been established between the phenotypic trait (live weight) and their productive qualities – milk yield and lactation stability coefficient, which makes it possible to recommend selection by live weight.
Holsteinized Russian black pied cattle of the Ural type are bred in the Sverdlovsk region, which is represented by large highly productive animals with a high genetic potential of productivity. The purpose of the work was to study the productive qualities of Holsteinized black pied cattle with a high proportion of thorough-bredness in the Holstein breed and their interrelation. Milk yield per lactation increases reaching the maximum for the third lactation. The increase amounted to o 1409 kg or 14.9% relative to the first one. The study has found changes in milk quality indicators; the indicators fluctuated depending on lactation, yet a tendency to increase MFF in milk from the first to the third lactation was revealed. The highest indicators were shown in the second lactation. During this lactation, the highest milk protein content was observed – 3.26%. Due to the increase in milk yield and milk quality indicators, an increase in the amount of milk fat and milk protein per lactation is observed from 679 kg (1 lactation) to 782 kg (2 lactation). The correlation between milk yield and milk quality indicators being MFF and MFP varies depending on lactation. Mainly, with the exception of the first lactation and the interrelation of milk yield per lactation - MFP in milk was negative and amounted to 0.11. That is, with an increase in milk yield, there is a decrease in MFF and MFP in milk.
One of the tasks of selection and breeding work with dairy cattle is to assess the body type of cows in breeding herds. Body type plays an important role in the effi ciency of the use of animals in dairy cattle breeding only harmoniously developed cows when creating optimal conditions for housing and feeding, can show high milk productivity as well as they are less prone to the risks of premature culling for non-selective reasons. The selection of fi rst-calf heifers of Ural type of Black-and-White breed with milk productivity above 7000 kg of milk in breeding organizations of the Sverdlovsk region has been carried out. Materials on 2150 cows with average milk yield of 8622 kg of milk with the content of fat in milk of 3,90 % and protein – 3,20 % have been presented. With an increase in milk yield in fi rst-calf heifers there is a statistically signifi cant improvement in constitutional and performance features. Heifers have good parameters for the development of the body in height, which vary from 7,7 to 8,5 points, strong enough and deep body (fortress: 4,7–5,3 points; depth: 5,7–7,5 points), with well-defi ned milk forms (5,4–6,8 points). The udder of animals is characterized by a bath-shaped form (attachment density: 5,1–5,3 points; length of the front parts: 5,1–6,3 points) and an expressed escutcheon (width: 5,0–6,0 points; height: 7,8–8,3 points; central ligament: 4,9–5,3 points). For obtaining animals of dairy direction productivity with milk yield 7000 kg milk and more should make selection on the next parts of performance: rump high ≥ 7,0 points (from 145 centimeters); the depth of breast ≥ 6,0 points (not less 83 centimeters), length front share udder ≥ 5,0 points (from 21 centimeters), width rear share udder ≥ 5,0 points (not less 16 centimeters), express of dairy forms, central ligament ≥ 5,0 points.
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