In cattle breeding during breeding season, great importance is attached to the selection of male and female pairs. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of inbreeding on the milk production of cows of different genotypes. It was found that the main number of animals in the herd was obtained using remote inbreeding, which is 83.8%. The use of related mating led to a decrease in the age of the first calving by 0.3 months, a lactation period by 0.4, and a slight increase in milk yield by 78 kg with a decrease in the mass fraction of fat by 0.01% and protein by 0.02%, relative to outbred cows. A significant change in the productive longevity of animals obtained by outbred breeding and the use of a moderate level of inbreeding (P≤0.05) was noted. The effect of blood on Holstein breed on the productive qualities of cows was also established. An increase in blood level to 75-91% led to an increase in milk yield and qualitative indicators of productivity. Thus, the average milk yield in the group increased by 566 kg or 9.4%, while increasing the mass fraction of fat by 0.04% and protein by 0.04%. The best indicators of productivity within the genotype groups were established with a remote level of inbreeding and a genotype of Holstein breed 91-97% blood. In the future, when developing a breeding plan, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the best quality indicators of productivity, namely the mass fraction of fat and the mass fraction of protein are higher in cows with a genotype from 76 to 91% and a moderate level of inbreeding - 3.97% and 3.08%.
In Sverdlovsk region Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Ural type are bred, which are represented by highly productive animals with a high genetic potential for productivity. The aim of the work was to study the effect of genotypes of the kappa-casein gene on milk productivity and quality indicators of milk from Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Ural type. Most of the cows had the AA kappa-casein genotype, and they had the worst indicators of technological properties in terms of cheese suitability. The best technological properties of milk are possessed by cows with the BB kappa-casein genotype. There were only 4.2% of such animals among those examined. The highest milk yield in 305 days of lactation was observed in cows with the genotype for BB kappa casein (9595 ± 314.3 kg), which is 373 kg and 537 kg more, or 3.9 and 5.6% more than in animals with AA and AB genotypes, respectively. The indicators for the mass fraction of fat and mass fraction of protein in the milk of cows of different genotypes for kappa-casein were the same. There was a tendency to an increase in the protein content in the milk of cows with the BB genotype and a decrease in the mass fraction of fat in the milk of cows with the AB genotype. Thus, more nutrients, namely milk fat with the same content in milk, were obtained in the group of first-calf heifers with the BB genotype (380 ± 13.19 kg). They also had a higher yield of milk protein (311 kg), which is more than in other groups by 13 and 19 kg.
In the Middle Urals the middle-ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 22–24% and the middle-early and early ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 26–34% are able to form kernels suitable for bread baking of the first, second and third classes. Nowadays a comparative characteristic of the grain quality of the main varieties developed by the of the selection of the Ural RIA included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka Region and their ability to form food grain suitable for bread baking is of great practical interest. In the Krasnoufimsky breeding center there were studied 11 spring wheat varieties included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region in the 2013 and 2016 years of arid conditions (90–100 mm of precipitation, 17.0–17.5 ºC of average daily air temperature) and in the years 2014 and 2015 of excessive moisture (294–423 mm of precipitation and 15–16 ºC of average daily air temperature). The early ripening varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” (71–94 days of vegetation period) formed an average yield of 2.94 t/ha. The middle-early ripening varieties “Ekaterina”, “Gornouralskaya”, “Svecha”, “Bazhenka”, “Zlata” (75–98 days of vegetation period) produced 3.32 t/ha.The middle-ripening varieties “Krasnoufimskaya 100”, “Ekada 70”, “Simbirtsit”, “Omskaya 36” (90–94 days of vegetation period) produced 3.55 t/ha. The most productive ones are “Iren” (3.05 t/ha), “Ekaterina” (3.64 t/ha), “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” (3.70–3.78 t/ha). Food grain of the first class (with gluten content of more than 32%) was formed by the varieties “Irgina”, “Iren”, “Bazhenka”; the rest varieties formed the second class grain (with gluten content of more than 28%). The ranking method by seven indicators of grain quality allowed us to determine the average rank and to identify the varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” with the highest baking properties (average rank of 1.0–1.7). They are the most promising varieties for the production of food grains in the conditions of the Middle Urals. It is not advisable to use the middle-ripening varieties “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” for this purpose as the average rank of their quality indicators is 7.0–7.1.
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