Introduction: The main objective of the study was the molecular characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in Escherichia coli isolates collected from human and bovine samples in Oyo state, Nigeria. Methodology: Between August 2010-2011, 114 E. coli isolates were collected from hospitals (n = 57) and bovine (n = 57). PCR and sequencing were used for identification of ESBLs, upstream sequences, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and class 1 integrons. Plasmid incompatibility groups were identified among ESBL-positive isolates by PCR. Genetic relatdness was assessed by rep-PCR and MLST. Transfer of ESBL determinants to the recipient strain E. coli J53 was performed by broth mating assays. Results: CTX-M15 was the unique ESBL found in eight human isolates. Six CTX-M-15 producers also carry the aac(6')-lb-cr gene and/or qnrB gene, and class 1 integrons. FIA, FIB, H11, H12, F, Y and K were the plasmid replicon types found. CTX-M-15 and PMQR determinants were transferred by conjugation in two E. coli assigned by MLST to ST131 and ST2695, a new allele. Conclusions: The study highlights the dissemination hability of CTX-M-15 associated with PMQR, and the presence of class 1 integrons, able to capture additional genes, justifying the urgent need of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Nigeria.

Background: Globally, and particularly in developing countries, the menace of anti-microbial resistance is an accelerating problem. In Nigeria, increase in bacterial resistance has been phenotypically established but due to high cost, few molecular studies have been reported. Objectives: This study screened for presence of transferable resistance genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as integron among multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. mirabilis. Methods: A total of 108 P. mirabilis strains collected from five tertiary hospitals in SouthWest Nigeria were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility study using disc-diffusion method. Transferable resistance genes and MGEs were amplified using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and amplicons sequenced. Results: Varied resistance was observed against all the antibiotics tested. About 56% of the isolates were MDR including those from 0-12 years old children. PCR analysis revealed the presence of aac(6')-Ib (33.3%), plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes [qnrA (36.7%), acc(6')-Ib-cr (5%)], TEM (48.3%), CTX-M (6.7%) and integrons class 1 (58.3%) and class 2 (26.7%). Sequencing analysis revealed bla TEM-1 , bla CTX-M-15 associated with ISEcp1 and eight different arrays of gene cassettes: aadA1, aadA1-qacH, aadB-aadA2, aadA5, dfrA7, dfrA15, dfrA17, dfrA17-aadA5. Conclusion: Transferable resistance genes in association with MGEs are present in Nigerian P. mirabilis thus their potential in disseminating resistance.

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The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of using polythene fibres to increase the strength of sandcrete The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of using polythene fibres to increase the strength of sandcrete The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of using polythene fibres to increase the strength of sandcrete The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of using polythene fibres to increase the strength of sandcrete blocks without increasing the weight and cost of production. It is a comparative study of the properties and blocks without increasing the weight and cost of production. It is a comparative study of the properties and blocks without increasing the weight and cost of production. It is a comparative study of the properties and blocks without increasing the weight and cost of production. It is a comparative study of the properties and performance of polythene reinforced and plain sandcrete blocks. The graded soil sample has a specific gravity of performance of polythene reinforced and plain sandcrete blocks. The graded soil sample has a specific gravity of performance of polythene reinforced and plain sandcrete blocks. The graded soil sample has a specific gravity of performance of polythene reinforced and plain sandcrete blocks. The graded soil sample has a specific gravity of 2.64. 2.64. 2.64. 2.64. Polythene fibres were got f Polythene fibres were got f Polythene fibres were got f Polythene fibres were got from shredded sachet water bags. The fibres were mixed at 0.25%, 0.50% and rom shredded sachet water bags. The fibres were mixed at 0.25%, 0.50% and rom shredded sachet water bags. The fibres were mixed at 0.25%, 0.50% and rom shredded sachet water bags. The fibres were mixed at 0.25%, 0.50% and

Proliferation of different brands of antibiotics including ampiclox (a notable penicillinase inactivator) was considered a relevant factor in the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Consequently the antibiogram and susceptibility of 20 clinical strains and a control strain (NCTC 6571) of Staphylococcus aureus to 10 different brands of ampiclox were determined by disk diffusion and tube broth dilution methods. The control strain was found sensitive to ampicilin, augmentin R and cloxacillin in the antibiogram, and to all the l0 brands of ampiclox, with the MIC's of either 0.125 or 0.25µg/mI among the clinical strains. This result, compared with the MIC's obtained in the range of 0.125µg/ml to > 60µg/mI, varying among the brands of ampiclox against the 20 clinical strains, indicates contrasting inhibitory activity among the different brands but reflective of the worrisome level of resistance to antibiotics by Staph. aureus. However, this resistance to most of the brands of ampic1ox could not be associated with brand variation having found the control strain sensitive to all the brands of ampiclox.