Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

This study investigated the effects of applying elements of the PETTLEP model on vividness and ease of imaging movement. Forty participants (Mage = 23.47 years, SD = 4.11) completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2) when using PETTLEP imagery or traditional imagery. Results revealed significantly higher ease and vividness ratings for internal visual imagery (IVI) and kinesthetic imagery (KI) during the PETTLEP imagery condition compared to the more traditional imagery condition. No significant difference between conditions for external visual imagery emerged. Findings suggest that incorporating PETTLEP elements during imagery enables greater ease and vividness of movement IVI and KI.

The present study compared the effects of: (a) PETTLEP imagery (e.g. imaging in the environment), (b) prior-observation (i.e. observing prior to imaging), and (c) traditional imagery (e.g. imaging sat in a quiet room) on the ease and vividness of external visual imagery (EVI), internal visual imagery (IVI), and kinaesthetic imagery (KI) of movements. Fifty-two participants (28 female, 24 male, M age = 19.60 years, SD = 1.59) imaged the movements described in the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 under the three conditions in a counterbalanced order. Vividness and ease of imaging ratings were recorded for each movement. A repeated measure MANOVA revealed that ease and vividness ratings for EVI, IVI, and KI were higher during the PETTLEP imagery condition compared to the traditional imagery condition, and vividness of EVI was higher during the observation imagery condition compared to traditional imagery. Findings indicate that incorporating PETTLEP elements into the imagery instructions leads to easier and more vivid movement EVI, IVI, and KI imagery.

This study explored the relationship between athletes' emotion regulation and imagery ability. A total of 648 athletes (57% female; M age ¼ 20.79 years, SD ¼ 4.36) completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesized model in which reappraisal positively predicted all SIAQ subscales. However, suppression had no significant association with imagery ability despite being predicted to be negatively associated. Results support the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use that individual characteristics will influence the imagery experience. Specifically, athletes who reappraise their emotions more frequently find it easier to image sport related content.

The present study aimed to examine whether physical and environment elements of PETTLEP imagery relate to the ability to image five types of sport imagery (i.e. skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery). Two hundred and ninety participants (152 males, 148 females; M = 20.24 years, SD = 4.36) from various sports completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ), and a set of items designed specifically for the study to assess how frequently participants incorporate physical (e.g. 'I make small movements or gestures during the imagery') and environment (e.g. 'I image in the real training/competition environment') elements of PETTLEP imagery. Structural equation modelling tested a hypothesised model in which imagery priming (i.e. the best fitting physical and environment elements) significantly and positively predicted imagery ability of the different imagery types (skill, β = 0.38; strategy, β = 0.23; goal, β = 0.21; affect, β = 0.25; mastery, β = 0.22). The model was a good fit to the data: χ (174) = 263.87, p < .001, CFI = .96, TLI = .95, SRMR = .09, RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI = 0.03-0.05). Findings displayed that priming imagery with physical and environment elements is associated with better skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery imagery ability. The findings extend models of imagery use by indicating that how athletes images may influence their imagery ability.

Psychological well-being is a crucial ingredient for good life navigation (Ryff et al., 2003). Its significance to health and well-being is well-established. Mindfulness is one of the techniques that has been related with improved psychological health. Unstudied, however, is which aspect of mindfulness is related to psychological wellness. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and mindfulness. There are 127 participants (Mage = 22.87, SD = 4.55) voluntary participated in this study and completed a series of self-reported questionnaires to assess six dimensions of psychological well-being (Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being, PWB), and five aspect mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, M). The outcomes. There are no significant relationships between mindfulness and psychological well-being aspects, as shown by this study. The consequences and specifics of the connections are examined. Future research should take into account all psychological wellness characteristics and the five facets of mindfulness in order to design therapies that increase psychological wellbeing.

No abstract

The heart rate and respiratory horses of competition horses and stabled horses may increase due to environmental stressors. Aromatherapy has been legalized and revealed to be very helpful to horses that have been exposed to environmental stressors. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy on horse heart rate and respiratory rate after being exposed to a stressor. A total of eight horses were observed as subjects in both water control and lavender aromatherapy. Lavender aromatherapy were diffused using an aroma diffuser with 3 drops of lavender essential oil along with 250ml of water for 30 minutes as well as water control. The paired sample t-test was applied to analyse. There is no significant effect of aromatherapy on the heart rate and respiratory rate of horses. In both water control group and lavender aromatherapy group, there were no significant changes of heart rate from stressed phase to recovery phase. Same goes for respiratory rate in water control group and lavender aromatherapy group from stressed phase to recovery phase. It can be concluded that lavender aromatherapy does not show any effective on horse heart rate and respiratory rate.