Aims With a prevalence of 16%, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent non‐communicable comorbidities of tuberculosis (TB). DM is a major risk factor for adverse TB outcomes and may require personalized TB drug dosing regimens. However, information on the inclusion of DM in TB drug trials is lacking. We aimed to assess the percentage of recent TB drug efficacy trials that included DM patients. Methods A systematic review was performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Science Direct, and http://ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for TB drug trials published between 1 January 2012 and 12 September 2017. Primary outcome was the percentage of TB drug trials performed around the world that included DM patients. Results Out of the included 41 TB drug trials, 12 (29.3%) reported DM comorbidity among the study participants. Nine trials (21.9%) excluded all patients with DM comorbidity, ten (24.4%) excluded only insulin‐dependent or uncontrolled DM, and 10 (24.4%) did not mention whether DM was included or excluded. Of the 12 trials that included DM comorbidity, the majority did not report the diagnostic criteria for DM and none reported outcomes in the DM subpopulation. Inclusion of DM was higher in drug‐resistant‐TB trials (67%, P = .003, vs drug‐susceptible) and trials performed in Asia (60%, P = .006, vs Africa). Conclusions Fewer than 1/3 recent TB drug trials reported the inclusion of DM. To better reflect real‐world DM prevalence and differential TB drug effectiveness, inclusion of DM patients requires increased attention for future TB drug trials.

Our data indicate that darapladib can decrease the foam cells number, iNOS, and ICAM-1 expression in aorta at the early stages of atherosclerosis in T2DM rat model.

Objective:This study is aimed to examine the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac tissue of dyslipidemic Sprague Dawley rats.Methods:Eight Sprague Dawley strain rats, with 150-200 gram body weight, were divided into two groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, the positive control group was fed a high-fat diet as our previous study for 8 weeks. The pattern of distribution of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac muscle cell was examined by immunofluorescence and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Lipid profile was also examined at the end of the study.Result:Independent t-test showed no differences in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in cardiac muscle of hypercholesterol-diet-fed Sprague Dawley rat compared to control.Conclusion:The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac muscle did not change after the onset of atherosclerosis.

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BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant therapy is recommendation for COVID-19 infection. However, the mechanical ventilation needed for COVID-19 is still high. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine comparison therapeutic and prophylactic dose LMWH for mechanical necessity in COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A systematic literature search articles online from studies published between 2020 and 2021 that met our inclusion criteria and were retrieved from scientific databases such as Cochrane, ProQuest, and PubMed. The primary measure was a composite bad outcome, which included mechanical ventilation, mortality. and bleeding risk. RESULTS: There were 3432 patients from seven study included in this meta-analysis for necessity of mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients that used prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulants. Prophylactic dose of anticoagulant showed no difference for the need for mechanical ventilation necessity for COVID-19 patients (RR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.20–1.48; p = 0.23). However, prophylactic anticoagulant showed more safe for bleeding incidence (RR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.18–0.39; p = <0.00001) and reduce mortality (RR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.46-0.58; p = <0.00001). CONCLUSION: LMWH anticoagulant dose not associated with reduce mechanical ventilation necessity but prophylactic dose prefers rather than therapeutic dose for reduce mortality and risk of bleeding.