Compression of the spinal cord can cause irritation to the autonomic nervous system. Hyperinervation of sympathetic nerves at high risk for arrhythmias characterized by electrocardiographic results in changes in P-wave duration, QRS duration, ST-segment depression, T-wave peak interval, and ventricular extrasystole. A 52-year-old male with an intra-extramedullar tumor in cervical 2-3, tetraparesis, dysrhythmias, and ventricular extrasystole bigemini. Wide excision of tumor and posterior stabilization would be performed. The pulse was 90x/minute palpable irregularly. Electrocardiography examination revealed irregular rhythm 82 x/minute and ventricular extrasystole 10 x/minute. Echocardiography showed grade 3 diastolic dysfunction with preserved LV function. Before the procedure, the patient was given management for the dysrhythmia and ventricular extrasystole with analgetics and amiodaron 150mg (10ml) in the first 10 minutes followed by 360mg (200mg) for the next 6 hours, 540mg for the next 18 hours and analgetics. General anesthesia carried out with midazolam 3mg, fentanyl 200mcg, lidocaine 60mg, propofol 100mg, and atricurium 30mg, with manual intubation in-line. After arterial line and central venous catheter insertion, the patient was placed in the prone position. Surgery lasted for approximately 6 hours. The patient was treated in the ICU for 2 days before moving to the usual ward. Amiodarone can be considered in ventricular extrasystole requiring immediate treatment with stable hemodynamic.
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by decreased cognitive performance after surgery and anesthesia. POCD is a complication characterized by memory impairment, decreased information processing and reduced attention, accompanied by changes in mood and personality. The incidence of POCD in elderly patients (> 60 years) was approximately 25.8% within seven days after surgery and 10% within three months after surgery. The risk factors and etiology that lead to POCD can be reduced by good patient education, patient care and proper sanitation can prevent the tendency of POCD symptoms in these patients. Examination can be done with the learning test, the word learning test, the tracing test, the manual dexterity test, the ability test to remember a sequence of numbers. Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) as a screening test for dementia. MMSE is sometimes used to measure POCD. MMSE can be used in routine clinical practice to identify preoperative subclinical dementia that would put patients at a higher risk of developing POCD. Management in POCD includes two approaches, namely rapid diagnosis and prevention of POCD symptoms. Prevention by knowing the risk factors preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. In patients with persistent POCD, it has a negative impact on quality of life, subjective memory performance, emotional symptoms, and possible health consequences such as dementia and premature death.
Pengelolaan anestesi pada kasus subdural hematom disertai penyakit ginjal kronis dengan riwayat hemodialisis memberikan permasalahan bagi ahli anestesi Perubahan hemodinamik perioperatif serta perubahan farmakodinamik dan farmakokinetik obat membuat manajemen perioperatif dan pemilihan regimen anestesi serta cairan harus dipertimbangkan intraoperatif terhadap efek penurunan fungsi ekskresi ginjal pada pasien penyakit gagal ginjal kronik dengan riwayat hemodialisa. Pasien laki-laki, 56 tahun dibawa ke instalasi gawat darurat mengalami penurunan kesadaran setelah kecelakaan lalu lintas sejak 1 hari yang lalu. Pasien dengan riwayat penyakit gagal ginjal kronis serta rutin hemodialisis tiap seminggu sekali. Pada pemeriksaan CT Scan kepala didapatkan hematom subdural di regio temporoparietal sinistra. Pasien preoperatif dilakukan hemodialisa tanpa menggunakan heparin. Diputuskan untuk dilakukan kraniotomi evakuasi dengan induksi anestesi dengan propofol 1 mg/kgbb, fentanyl 2 µgr /kgbb, lidokain 1 mg/kgbb dan rocuronium 0.5 mg/kgbb. Pasien diintubasi dengan ETT 7,5 dilanjutkan rumatan anestesi dengan propofol 50 µgr /kgbb/menit, fentanyl 2 µgr/kg/jam dan rocuronium 5 µgr/kg/menit. Monitoring standar elektrokardiografi, SpO2, dan arteri line. Setelah operasi pasien dirawat diruang intensif selama 3 hari. Pasien post operatif diberikan sedasi analgetik dengan dexmedetomidine 0,2- 0,7 µgr /kg/jam
Pituitary adenoma is a brain tumor has clinical symptoms depending on hormones produced by tumor cells, size, and local invasion. A 50-year-old woman with pituitary adenoma with history of hypothyroidism. On preoperative, GCS E4M6V5, blood pressure was 114/76 mmHg, pulse was 81x/minute, respiration was 18x/minute, and saturation was 99%. On physical examination, body weight and the visual acuity in the right eye decreased. Examination of thyroid function suggests hypothyroidism before surgery, patient was treated with levothyroxine sodium 100 g per day tablets for 14 days until euthyroid. The next treatment was resection craniotomy of the pituitary adenoma. Premedicated with hydrocortisone 100 mg and midazolam 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Induction propofol 1 mg/kg body weight, fentanyl 2 µg/kg body weight, rocuronium 1 mg/kg body weight, lidocaine 1 mg/kg body weight and repeated doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight propofol. Mannitol was given 0.5 mg/kgbw and dexamethasone 10 mg. Maintenance anesthesia with sevoflurane 0.5% and propofol 50-100 µg/kgbw/min. Postoperative the patient in the ICU was given dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kgbw/hour and steroid supplement day-1 was given 25 mg hydrocortisone every 12 hours. On day-2, 20 mg of hydrocortisone in the morning and 10 mg in the evening, then can be discontinued. The patient was admitted to the ICU for 3 days before moving to the ward. Perioperative management of pituitary adenoma with a history of hypothyroidism is optimizing preoperatively the patient reaches euthyroid, maintaining hemodynamics, optimizing cerebral oxygenation, preventing and treatment if there are complications.
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