Over the past years, parties often described as populist, such as SYRIZA in Greece, the Five Star Movement (FSM) in Italy and Podemos in Spain have made significant electoral breakthroughs, unsettling well-established party systems. In the literature, inclusionary populism has primarily been applied to Latin America whereas the three Southern European parties have been examined individually, but not in comparative perspective. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis, based on an original electoral manifestos content analysis, aimed at unveiling the ‘inclusionary populism’ features of the ‘new’ political parties that have emerged in Southern Europe. By focusing on the 2012–16 period, the article shows that the inclusionary category can be fruitfully applied also to European political parties; it finds different degrees of inclusionary populism (namely between SYRIZA and Podemos); and it proves that the FSM falls between the two exclusionary vs. inclusionary poles.
ABSTRACT. The role played by policy entrepreneurs in preparing, initiating, and implementing water policy change in Spain over the last two decades is examined in an effort to understand how transitions in water management occur. The main questions considered are whether policy entrepreneurs can influence water policy change, and which strategies they actually adopt to promote change. John Kingdon's multiple streams framework was used to assess the ways in which policy entrepreneurs succeed in challenging the dominant agenda, mobilizing alternative policy ideas, and making use of multiple venues for initiating policy change. The data set comprises secondary documentation and interviews with state and non-state actors involved in Spanish water management. The main findings are that policy entrepreneurs from certain social, scientific, and political organizations have indeed played a central role in fracturing the traditional and long-standing approach and decision making process to water management as well as in opening new avenues for policy change. The main implication is that accounts of water management transitions should place greater emphasis on the role of agency in bringing about policy change.
The reinforcement of the legislative and oversight powers of the European Parliament by virtue of successive treaty reforms over the last two decades has been in parallel with an expanding process of agency creation at the European Union (EU) level. While these two institutional developments entail major transformations of legislative-executive relations in the EU, the European Parliament oversight of EU agencies remains an underexplored topic of research. Based on an original dataset on parliamentary written questions overseeing EU agencies asked during the 2009-2014 Legislature, the paper analyses Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) questioning activity overseeing EU agencies. The paper argues that legislative oversight of agencies through written questions is driven by MEPs national party opposition status as well as by agency salience and size.
An expansive NMR-based structural analysis of elusive glycosyl cations derived from natural and non-natural monosaccharides in superacids is disclosed. Forthe first time,it has been possible to explore the consequence of deoxygenation and halogen substitution at the C2 position in as eries of 2halogenoglucosyl, galactosyl, and mannosyl donors in the condensed phase.T hese cationic intermediates were characterizedu sing low-temperature in situ NMR experiments supported by DFT calculations.T he 2-bromo derivatives displayi ntramolecular stabilization of the glycosyl cations. Introducing as trongly electron-withdrawing fluorine atom at C2 exerts considerable influence on the oxocarbenium ion reactivity.I nasuperacid, these oxocarbenium ions are quenched by weakly coordinating SbF 6 À anions,t hereby demonstrating their highly electrophilic character and their propensity to interact with poor nucleophiles.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.