The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microorganisms found on used toothbrushes. In this study 25 toothbrushes were investigated, 10 toothbrushes were used less than 3 months, 10 toothbrushes have been used for 3-6 months, and 5 toothbrushes have been used for more than 6 months. Some gram-positive coccus, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus. The results showed there were microbial harbored of used toothbrushes. Toothbrushes that have been used for 6 months were harbored more microorganisms than the toothbrushes that have been used less than 3 months and 3-6 months. It can be concluded that the longer using time of toothbrush the more increase of microorganism amount found on toothbrush. Key words: toothbrush, microorganism contaminationCorrespondence: Asmawati, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10, Makassar, Indonesia. E-mail: asmaamin68@yahoo.com INTRODUCTIONOral health of Indonesian people is still a major concern. The objective of oral health is to gain a healthy mouth and good dentition, and also a good function of speech and mastication.1 Oral health status is influenced by four important factors; namely heredity, environment (physical and social culture), behavior, and health service. Of those four factors, behavior plays an important role in oral health status and could influence environment and health service factors.

ABSTRAKGlass Ionomer Cement (GIC) merupakan bahan restorasi yang memiliki sifat adhesif, sewarna dengan gigi dan memiliki kemampuan pelepasan ion  uor yang dipengaruhi derajat keasaman (pH). Air sungai Desa Anjir Pasar memiliki sifat yang asam dengan pH 3. Derajat keasaman (pH) asam dapat meningkatkan kadar kelarutan ion  uor pada GIC. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar kelarutan ion  uor pada GIC setelah perendaman dalam air sungai Desa Anjir Pasar dan akuades. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel GIC dengan diameter 5 mm dan ketebalan 2 mm. Masing-masing kelompok direndam dalam air sungai dan akuades selama 7 hari kemudian dihitung kadar kelarutan ion  uornya. Data diuji menggunakan analisis parametrik Independent T-Test 95% (α=0,05) dan didapatkan p=0,002 (p<0,05). Dari hasil tersebut diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar kelarutan ion  uor setelah perendaman air sungai dengan kadar kelarutan ion  uor setelah perendaman akuades. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signi kan antara kadar kelarutan ion  uor pada GIC setelah perendaman dalam air sungai Desa Anjir Pasar Barito Kuala yang lebih tinggi daripada setelah perendaman dalam akuades. ISSN 2442ISSN -2576 Tersedia online di http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/mkgi DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.11257Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia Vol 2 No 2 -Agustus 2016 ISSN 2460-0164 (print), PENDAHULUANKesehatan gigi dan mulut secara tidak langsung menjadi bagian penting dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kesehatan tubuh secara umum sehingga merupakan investasi seumur hidup. Penyakit gigi dan mulut yang paling banyak ditemukan di masyarakat luas yaitu karies gigi, karies tidak hanya terjadi pada orang dewasa tetapi dapat pula terjadi pada anak.1 Salah satu cara penanggulangan karies adalah dengan membuang jaringan karies dan menumpatnya dengan bahan restorasi. Bahan restorasi berfungsi untuk memperbaiki dan merestorasi struktur gigi yang rusak.2 Bahan yang sering digunakan untuk merestorasi baik gigi sulung maupun gigi tetap dalam praktek kedokteran gigi adalah bahan restorasi adhesif sewarna gigi. Bahan restorasi sewarna gigi yang banyak beredar di pasaran salah satunya adalah Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). 3Bahan GIC yang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada bidang kedokteran gigi oleh Wilson dan Kent tahun 1972. 4 Mereka menggabungkan keunggulan sifat translusen dan pelepasan ion  uor dari semen silikat serta biokompatibilitas dan sifat adhesif dari

Haruan is Kalimantan’s indigenous fish which has the potency to accelerate wound healing. Haruan extract has substantial properties such as albumin, Zn, Cu, and Fe to accelerate wound healing. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of haruan extract on wistar rat’s buccal mucosa wound healing on day 3, 5, and 7 histopathologically. This study was experimental with post-test with control group design. Samples were consisted of 4 treatment groups, 25%, 50%, 100% haruan extract treatment groups and negative control treated with aquadest for 7 days. Mean fibroblast cells count reached its peak on day 7. Mean fibroblast cells count in each group was 26.995; 40.500; 49.165; 24.495 respectively. Two way ANOVA and Post Hoc Least Significant Difference tests indicated there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between haruan extract treatment group and negative control. In conclusion, haruan extract treatment significantly increase fibroblast cells count in wound healing process.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek perendaman dalam rebusan daun sirih merah terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bila dibandingkan dengan obat kumur beralkohol. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental murni dengan post-test only with control group design. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 27 yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol dengan masing-masing kelompok sebanyak 9 sampel. Kelompok perlakuan direndam dengan air rebusan daun sirih merah dan obat kumur beralkohol.

Haruan is river-water fish usually consumed by South Kalimantan people. Haruan extract contains albumin, Zn, Fe,Cu and unsaturated fatty acid which can act as antiinflammatory substances and accelarate wound healing. The aim ofthis study is to examine effectiveness of haruan extract on lymphocyte count in infammatory phase of wound healingprocess and compare it to ibuprofen. This study used true experimental method with post-test only control group designand simple random sampling. Samples were divided into 5 treatment groups:which were given the extract for 7 sevendays: 25% haruan extract group, 50% haruan extract group, 100% haruan extract group, negative control K(-) usingaquadest, positive control K(+) given ibuprofen suspension with dosage of 20mg/kg weight/day. Lymphocyte cells wereobserved using microscope and counted per field of view. Lymphocyte count reached its peak on day 5. Lymphocytecount means in each group were 4,2 ± 0,566; 1± 0,000; 3,8 ± 2,546; 7,1 ± 0,141; dan 7,5 ± 3,818 respectively. Two way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests showed that lymphocyte count significantly decreased in 50% and 100% treatmentgroups (p<0,05) and has equal effect with ibuprofen in decreasing lymphocyte count. This study concluded that haruanextract significantly decreased lymphocyte count in wound healing process.

Objective: Aim of this study is to describe the oral mucosa condition of shisha user. A preliminary observasional study was conducted at several sisha cafe at South Jakarta. Under informed consent, subject with habit of tobacco and shisha smoker were included. Material and Methods: Shisha is a water pipe that contains tobacco extract and flavored.It is burnt using coal. It produces the smoke through the vessel and inhaled using a hose which gives good aroma. The culture of shisha smoking is popular in Midle East country that curently has been also entering Indonesia. Results: The side effect of shisha smoking habit is still very rarely reported. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, durationand frequency of smoking), salivary flow rate and oral mucosa changes were documented. Eighteen subjects were recruited into this study. Most of shisha smoker was also tobacco smoker. Shisha was more practiced by males at age (15-24 years old). The oral mucosa changes such as keratosis, melanosis, leukoedema, coated tongue, gingivitis and xerostomia were found on subject with habit of tobacco smoking or both shisha and tobacco smoking. Conclusion: Apparently the shisha smoking habit may casue oral mucosa changes almost the same with tobacco smoking habit.

Haruan is Kalimantan’s indigenous fish which has the potency to accelerate wound healing. Haruan extract hassubstantial properties such as albumin, Zn,Cu, and Feto accelerate wound healing. The purpose of this study is to assessthe effect of haruan extract on wistar rats buccal mucosa wound healing on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 histopathologically. Thisstudy was purely experimental with pretest-posttest with control group design. Samples were divided into 4 treatmentgroups, haruan extract 25%, 50%, 100% treatment groups and aquadest treatment group as negative control, eachtreatment wasperformed for 7 days. Neocapillariescount reached its peak on day 5. Mean neocapillaries scoring of eachgroup was 12, 16.5, 18.5, 6 respectively. Two way Anova and post hoc LSD tests presented a significant differencebetween negative control and haruan extract groups. In conclusion, haruan extract treatment significantly increasedneocapillaries count in wound healing process.