This paper presents the experimental investigation conducted on Grade 30 concrete incorporating agro-industrial waste, Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA). The emergence of palm oil industry also creates other problem in waste management to our country. POFA was detected with high silica-alumina, being utilized as pozzolan which makes it as a good binding media similar to cement. In this paper, the specimens consist of 45 concrete cube size 100 x 100 x 100 mm at 3 different replacement level which were 0% as control specimen, 5% and 10% with two different techniques form which were powder and liquidation technique. The workability of fresh concrete properties was evaluated using slump test and flow table test and the performance of the hardened concrete was confirmed by cube compressive strength test at 3, 7 and 28 days. Based on the result, 5% POFA replacement using liquidation technique showed more workability compared to 10% POFA replacement. This phenomenon is due to the liquidation at POFA that acts as a liquid lubricant which can easily blend with cement component. However, concrete with 5% POFA using powder technique gives better result on the concrete performance. Powder technique shows better enhancement in strength as compared to liquid is due to the interaction between the raw POFA that’s creates better bonding as compared to the POFA which was filled with water in liquid forms.
High strength concrete (HSC) is an amazing breakthrough in the history of construction material. Due to its high strength, durability, and economic value, it has been used in large-scale construction with a unique structure design not achievable by conventional concrete. However, HSC uses a high amount of cement powder which contributes to its overall strength. However, it will require high cement consumption and increases carbon dioxide emission. Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) is utilised in cement and has improved concrete properties. Nano engineered WPSA might further enhance HSC capabilities. This research focused on the physical and fresh properties of HSC with partial replacement of nano-engineered WPSA to cement through experimental investigation. The HSC produced in this research has a targeted strength of more than 40MPa with a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.2. The WPSA was oven-dried and was sieved to a particle size of 212 micrometers. Then, it was milled until a nano-size particle is obtained. The nano WPSA is used to replace cement in the HSC mix with a replacement percentage of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%. The new properties of the concrete were measured by conducting the flow table test, and the physical property was determined by conducting the compressive test. Compressive tests were conducted for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days with a cube sample size of 50mm x 50mm x 50mm. This research shows that 1% of nano WPSA replacement tends to improve the compressive strength of the HSC concrete by 10.7% compared to the control sample. On the other hand, the 1% replacement of nano WPSA in HSC did not affect the concrete's workability compared to the control sample. The conventional HSC properties were improved with less usage of cement with the use of WPSA.
Malaysia's palm oil industry plays a significant role in the country's economy. However, a large amount of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product of this industry, may negatively affect the environment and human health. Hence, this study hypothesized that POFA might be re-used in the form of replacement in concrete to lessen the risk to the environment or human health. Self-consolidating high-performance concrete (SCHPC) has been innovating progressively over the years. In this paper, SCHPC is innovated by utilising nano POFA (NaPOFA) to improve its performance. The POFA performance greatly improved when the particle size is reduced because the finer forms of POFA react effectively with the other constituent materials to produce stronger concrete. Hence this paper presents the experiment of the effect of utilisation of NaPOFA as a replacement to cement ranging between 0% and 10% to produce a self-consolidating high-performance concrete with good workability. The tests conducted were the flow table and compression test. The specimen used in the compression tests were 50 mm concrete cubes, tested in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. It was found that the inclusion of 1% POFA as a replacement to cement in concrete produced the highest compressive strength, 73.31 MPa, on the 28th day of testing. It was also found that its workability was as good as the control concrete. Thus, the utilisation of POFA could be considered environmental-friendly since it can be used as cement replacement and enhance the performance in terms of workability and strength.
All these years, commonly used repairing and retrofitting materials are cement paste, grout, patching, and epoxy. However, due to the expensive and unreliable application, an alternative material is needed. This research emphases the use of waste material such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and alkaline activator (sodium hydroxide) in cement paste as repair and retrofitting material. Hence, it focuses on the physical properties of activated POFA cement paste by means of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and compressive strength test. In this research, three types of paste are prepared: OPC, POFA paste, and Activated POFA paste. The POFA used is sieve to 212 µm particle size, and the alkaline activator used is sodium hydroxide. These pastes are used to fill concrete cubes with a hole on the center, representing a core structure on site. The paste is let to harden for a day before being tested for quality using UPV and compressive strength using compression test. POFA cement tends to improve the structure strength by up to 2% but has defect in filling as it shows 1.42% less ultrasonic pulse velocity reading compare to OPC. Whereas, activated POFA cement shows 0.5% increase in structure strength with 0.84% less defects compare to OPC.
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