Evidence on what people eat globally is limited in scope and rigour, especially as it relates to children and adolescents. This impairs target setting and investment in evidence-based actions to support healthy sustainable diets. Here we quantified global, regional and national dietary patterns among children and adults, by age group, sex, education and urbanicity, across 185 countries between 1990 and 2018, on the basis of data from the Global Dietary Database project. Our primary measure was the Alternative Healthy Eating Index, a validated score of diet quality; Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Mediterranean Diet Score patterns were secondarily assessed. Dietary quality is generally modest worldwide. In 2018, the mean global Alternative Healthy Eating Index score was 40.3, ranging from 0 (least healthy) to 100 (most healthy), with regional means ranging from 30.3 in Latin America and the Caribbean to 45.7 in South Asia. Scores among children versus adults were generally similar across regions, except in Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia, high-income countries, and the Middle East and Northern Africa, where children had lower diet quality. Globally, diet quality scores were higher among women versus men, and more versus less educated individuals. Diet quality increased modestly between 1990 and 2018 globally and in all world regions except in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where it did not improve.

AbstrakObesitas di Indonesia mulai menjadi masalah gizi masyarakat walaupun gizi kurang masih tinggi. Obesitas disebabkan oleh banyak faktor/multifaktorial yang dapat dibagi menjadi genetik dan lingkungan yang diantaranya adalah status sosial ekonomi dan gaya hidup. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional study dengan populasi adalah seluruh siswa kelas I sampai V di SD N 08 Alang Lawas,Padang. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil 8,21% siswa mengalami obesitas, 11,79% overweight atau gemuk, 82,60% tingkat pendapatan orang tua siswa berada di atas garis kemiskinan, 71,30% ayah dan 71,80% ibu siswa memiliki tingkat pendidikan menengah, 58,50% siswa memiliki pola makan baik, dan 60% memiliki aktifitas fisik aktif. Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kejadian obesitas dengan tingkat pendidikan orang tua (ayah: p=0,205 ; ibu: p=1,00), tingkat pendapatan orang tua (p=0,396), dan pola makan anak (p=0,245). Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara aktifitas fisik anak dengan kejadian obesitas (p=0,048). AbstractIn Indonesia, obesity has became a public nutrition problem although frequence of undernutrition was still high. The obesity caused by many factor/multifactorial that asssigned to genetic factor and environment factor. Two of the environment factors are social-economy and life style. Cross sectional study was chosen as a method to conduct the study. The study population were all the students on 1st grade to 5th grade in SD Negeri 08 Alang Lawas, Padang. The result shows that 8.21% of the students suffered from obesity, 11.79% were overweight, 82.60% of the students have the parents that have income more then the poverty line, 71.30% of the fathers and 71.80% of the mothers were middle graduations, 58.50% have good consumptions pattern, and 60% have active physical activity. There are no association between the obesity among the children with parent's graduation (father: p=0.205; mother: p=1.00), parent's income (p=0.396), consumptions pattern (p=0.245), and there is association with physical activity (p=0.048).

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.

AbstrakGen eNOS3 alel -786T>C merupakan salah satu gen yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi. Polimorfisme gen ini mengurangi kemampuan sintesis enzim nitric oxide synthase (NOS) sehingga sintesis nitric oxide (NO) menurun. Nitric oxide adalah senyawa vasoaktif yang menyebabkan vasodilatasi pembuluh darah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan konsumsi antioksidan dengan ekspresi gen eNOS3 alel -786T>C pada penderita hipertensi etnik Minangkabau. Cross sectional study dilakukan pada 130 subjek hipertensi dan normotensi berusia 30-65 tahun di 4 kecamatan kota Padang Sumatera Barat periode 2009. Wawancara konsumsi antioksidan menggunakan food frequency questioner, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan gen eNOS3 dengan polymerase chain reaction dan kadar NO plasma dengan enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji T dan chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar NO plasma subjek hipertensi 26,91±15,40 µM/L dan normotensi 25,79±15,04 µM/L. Substitusi thymine menjadi cytosine pada posisi 786 ditemukan sebanyak 1,5% pada kelompok hipertensi dan 9,2% kelompok normotensi. Kadar NO plasma rendah (67,2%) ditemukan pada subjek dengan alel heterozigot TC. Terdapat hubungan bermakna konsumsi antioksidan (vitamin E) dengan kadar NO plasma pada subjek hipertensi dengan alel heterozigot TC (p=0,03). Simpulan, terdapat hubungan konsumsi vitamin E dengan kadar NO plasma pada penderita hipertensi etnik Minangkabau yang memiliki alel heterozigot TC. [MKB. 2011;43(1):1-9].Kata kunci: Alel -786T>C, etnik Minangkabau, gen eNOS3, hipertensi, kadar NO plasma Antioxidant Consumption and eNOS3 Gene -786T>C Allel Expression in Hypertension Patients in Minangkabau Ethnicity AbstractGene of eNOS 3 allel -786T>C is one of the important genes which is related to the high prevalence of hypertension. Polymorphism of this gene decreases nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme synthesis result in reduction of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide causes vasodilatation, which decreases peripheral resistant and blood pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an antioxidant consumption on eNOS3 gene -786T>C allel expression in hypertension patients with Minangkabau ethnicity. Cross sectional study was done on 130 hypertension and normotension subjects, 30-65 years old in 4 districts, Padang, Sumatera Barat during 2009. The interview about antioxidant consumption by food frequency questioner, the assessment of eNOS3 gene by polymerase chain reaction and NO plasma level by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were done. The data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square. The results showed that the hypertensive's and normotensive's plasma NO concentration were 26.91±15.40 µM/L and 25.79±15.04 µM/L, respectively. There were thymine to cytosine substitution found at 786 position in 1.5% of the hypertensive subjects and 9.2% of the normotensive subjects. A low plasma NO levels (67.2%) was found in subjects with heterozygote TC alleles.There was a significant relationship between consumption of antioxidant (vitamin ...

AbstrakPertumbuhan janin intrauterine dipengaruhi oleh fungsi plasenta. Plasenta mensuplai oksigen dan makanan dari sirkulasi ibu ke janin dan mengeluarkan sisa metabolisme dari sirkulasi janin ke ibu. Berat plasenta bertambah akibat pertumbuhan vilus plasenta. Vilus-vilus ini berfungsi sebagai tempat pertukaran makanan, oksigen dan zat sisa janin, sehingga berat plasenta akan berperan penting dalam menentukan berat badan lahir bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan berat plasenta dengan berat badan lahir bayi di Kota Pariaman. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif dan analitik, sedangkan pengolahan data dilakukan dengan uji korelasi software SPSS 15. Penelitian dilakukan di kota Pariaman dengan menggunakan data ibu melahirkan dari bulan Januari-Juni 2011. Ada 30 orang subjek dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan berat badan lahir bayi rata-rata adalah 2.996,67 gram (SD = 448,36), 4 diantaranya (13,33%) memiliki berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) sementara yang lainnya normal. Berat plasenta rata-rata 496,67 gram (SD = 49,01). Berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi, berat plasenta berhubungan dengan berat badan lahir bayi di Kota Pariaman dengan p = 0,00 (<0,05) dan r = 0,784. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah berat plasenta memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan berat badan lahir bayi di Kota Pariaman dan kekuatan hubungan sedang.Kata kunci: Plasenta, berat plasenta, berat badan lahir bayiAbstractThe intrauterine growth of foetus is affected by the placental function. The functions are supplying oxygen and nutrition from maternal circulation to the foetus and secreting the metabolism residual from foetus circulation to the maternals. The increase of placental and foetus weight occurs in the same time. The villi is the surface for the exchange of nutritions, oxygens, and residual substances of feotus. The goals of this study is to identify the relationship between placental weight and birth weight in Pariaman. The method of this study is descriptive and analytical with correlation test and SPSS 15 was used for data processing. This study was held in Pariaman and pregnant woment’s data taken from January until June 2011. The results of this study showed that 30 subjects had the average of birth weight was 2,996.67 gram (SD = 448.36), 4 (13.33%) were low birth weight, while the others were normal. The average of placental weight was 496.67 gram (SD = 49.01). Based on correlation test, placental weight had relationship with birth weight in Pariaman (p = 0.00 (<0.05) and r = 0.784). The conclusion is placental weight had significant correlation with birth weight in Pariaman and the power of correlation was intermediate.Keywords:Placenta, placental weight, birth weight