Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The term NAFLD describes a spectrum of liver pathology ranges from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even cirrhosis. Metabolic syndrome and NAFLD also predict hepatocellular carcinoma. Many genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of obesity and NAFLD, but the exact mechanisms are not known. Intestinal ecosystem contains trillions of microorganisms including bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and viruses. Several studies support the relationship between the intestinal microbial changes and obesity and also its complications, including insulin resistance and NAFLD. Given that the gut and liver are connected by the portal venous system, it makes the liver more vulnerable to translocation of bacteria, bacterial products, endotoxins or secreted cytokines. Altered intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) may stimulate hepatic fat deposition through several mechanisms: regulation of gut permeability, increasing low-grade inflammation, modulation of dietary choline metabolism, regulation of bile acid metabolism and producing endogenous ethanol. Regulation of intestinal microbial ecosystem by diet modifications or by using probiotics and prebiotics as a treatment for obesity and its complications might be the issue of further investigations.

We evaluated the effects of hospital stay on nutritional anthropometric data in children of various age groups and investigated the effects of admission undernutrition on nutritional anthropometric data in children who were hospitalized in our university hospital in Turkey. The adverse effect of hospitalization on nutritional status was shown to be most obvious on the 2-6-year age group with undernourished children. We also found reduced anthropometric parameters in all patients with mild malnutrition at admission (p < 0.05). A significant number of pediatric patients in Turkey are at nutritional risk at the time of hospital admission (31.8 per cent). The well-nourished children do not carry nutritional risk due to hospitalization for other medical reasons. Since undernutrition has an adverse effect on morbidity and mortality, careful nutritional evaluation of children on admission is essential. Special attention should be given to patients who had mild malnutrition on admission since this population of patients seem to be at higher risk of adverse effect of hospitalization.

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A 33 weeks' gestation, a baby with rhesus hemolytic disease (RHD), who had received intrauterine transfusions twice, developed cholestatic hepatic disease and late hyporegenerative anemia. Her serum ferritin and bilirubin levels increased to 8842 ng/ml and 17.9 mg/dl, respectively. Liver biopsy showed cholestasis and severe iron overload. Treatment with recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) decreased the transfusion need, and intravenous deferoxamine resulted in a marked decreased in serum ferritin levels and normalization of liver function. In patients who have undergone intrauterine transfusions due to RHD, hyperferritinemia and late hyporegenerative anemia should be kept in mind. Chelation therapy in cases with symptomatic hyperferritinemia and rHuEPO treatment in cases with severe hyporegenerative anemia should be considered. (Turk J Hematol 2010; 27: 204-8) Key words: Rhesus hemolytic disease, late hyporegenerative anemia, transfusion-related hepatic iron overload, chelation therapy

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Computerized cytomorphometry is useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions in thyroid FNAC. The measurement of cytologic nuclear parameters in cases suggestive of AUS may be useful for the probable classification of cases as benign or malignant. Although further studies are needed, in nuclear morphometric assessment of thyroid FNAC, Giemsa staining may be more useful and valuable than the Pap stain because of its association with various cytologic nuclear parameters. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:902-911. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lichenoid drug eruptions are skin reactions associated with a number of drugs and chemicals. They are rare in infants. We report here an infant who presented with neonatal hepatitis and who was being treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. The infant developed lichenoid skin eruptions in the third week of the therapy. The lesions have resolved two months after the discontinuation of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first infant case of lichenoid drug eruption associated with ursodeoxycholic acid.

Amaç: Serolojik tanı testlerinin gelişmesi ile çölyak hastalığının tipik olmayan bulgularını taşıyan hastalara da tanı konulması kolaylaşmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı yeni çölyak hastalığı tanısı konulan hastalarda başvuru bulgularının araştırılmasıdır. Yöntem: Çölyak hastalığı tanısı alan 60 hastanın başvuru yakınmaları ve antropometrik verileri retrospektif olarak araştırıldı. Çölyak hastalığı tanısı serolojik değerlendirme ve ince bağırsak biyopsisinde villöz atrofi saptanması ile konuldu. Hastalar başvuru yakınmaları ve bulgularına göre gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) bulgularıyla başvuranlar, GİS dışı bulgularla başvuranlar ve yakınması olmayan hastalar olmak üzere üç gruba ayrıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların başvuru sırasında ortalama yaşı 8.6 ± 4.7 yıl idi. 11 hasta (%18.3) GİS bulgularıyla (ishal, kabızlık), 35 hasta (%58.3) GİS dışı bulgularla (büyüme geriliği, kas güçsüzlüğü, anemi) başvurmuştu. 14 hastanın ise (%23.4) başvuru sırasında yakınması yoktu, tarama amacıyla serolojik tetkikler istenmişti ve tanı konulmuştu. 3 hastada (%5) tanı sırasında obesite saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışmamız çölyak hastalığı tanısı alan hastaların çoğunluğunun klasik olmayan gastrointestinal sistem dışı bulgularla başvurduğunu veya taramalar sırasında saptandığını göstermektedir. Bu durum, tüm dünyada hastalığın klasik olmayan GİS dışı bulgularının da dikkatle değerlendirilmesi ve serolojik tetkiklerin bu hastalarda istenmesi ile tanı almalarından kaynaklanmaktadır.