Construction activities on peat soils are found to be extremely difficult as the soil is profound as soft soil and has low shear strength and high moisture content. Due to alternating swelling and shrinkage nature, it causes serious damage to the structure above it. This happens due to repetition of drying and wetting of soil. Stabilization of soil is commonly applied to improve the mechanical properties of soil prior to soil engineering works. This soil improvement method is advantageous and effective one by using waste materials. Waste in our country is divided in various types and it includes domestic wastes, industrial wasters, agricultural wastes etc. Because of difficulties to diminish these wastes without affect to environment and surroundings, it can be used as a stabilizing agent in the soil. Therefore, this experimental study carried out to evaluate the effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and sawdust on engineering properties of the peat soil. The properties such as compaction and unconfined compressive strength are determined separately with sawdust and added of RHA in peat soil at a variety of percentages (2.5%, 5% etc.) in addition small amount of constant rate of lime with 2% of the dry soil weight. By obtaining the results, it can deduce a promising and improving result in stabilizing the soil with sawdust and Rice Husk Ash in both economic and strength capacity. This will not only solve the waste disposal problem but also enhance the strength characteristics of soil significantly.
An extensive study on modelling progressiveHawkesbury Sandstone degradation by anisotropic deformation subjected to monotonic loadings is presented and discussed in this study. Hawkesbury Sandstone was used due to its unique behaviour, which was initially assumed to be a uniform testing lithology with respect to grain size, compressive strength and stiffness. This study identified a theoretical approach to the anisotropic model of rock deformation. The model utilizes the stress-strain curve to derive the development of mobilised shear strength and applies it to the rock to simulate how it compresses in anisotropic. Monotonic loading tests were performed in triaxial conditions at variations of confining pressure, 4MPa and 8MPa. An increment of confining pressure was used to obtain elevation in the stress-strain curve. Progressive monotonic loading changed the mechanical characteristics of the rock; the level of the applied stress is compressed axially and then expanded laterally. During applied loading, the rock may experience damage or rock failure; the correlation between the magnitude of the mobilised shear strength and the axial stress associated with it is regarded as an intrinsic property in the rock mass. The stress-strain behaviour of rocks under anisotropic stress conditions can be predicted using this method. The mobilised minimum friction angle is used to determine the location of the mobilised shear strength envelope. The results reveal that the mobilised intrinsic shear strength is developed if the rock is forced to compaction. This is evidenced by the envelope rotating upward to the shear force envelopes during failing. Consequently, it can be deduced that the cementation (c') of the rock increases.
Muslim women is required to wear hijab as a religion obligation which symbolizes women’s faith to the creator (Quran 24:21). Many types of hijab are available in market, with ready-to-wear (RTW) hijab being the most popular choice of hijab in Malaysia. Limited knowledge on fabric characteristics among consumers has created dissatisfaction in many aspects of hijab performance associated to appearance and comfort. This paper presented the study of hijab appearance performances. Ten commercial fabrics (Cotton, Tetron Cotton, silk, rayon, Crepe back satin, Valentino dull satin, chiffon crepe, French voile, and Koshibo) which are commonly used in hijab making, were investigated. Stiffness, drape, wrinkle aspect, pilling, and snagging of fabric, which are associated with hijab appearance, were examined. A fabric ranking index was then developed to further support the analysis. In order to validate the result, a wear test was conducted where the tested fabrics were develop into hijabs and wear assessment was conducted. Feedback from the respondents were obtained and compared with the fabric ranking index. The results of this study concluded that Koshibo, Valentino Dull Satin, Chiffon crepe and French Voile exhibited the highest performance ranking among all the fabric tested. The study provides the reference to hijab manufacturers and end users in selecting the most suitable fabric for hijab in terms of the respective appearance properties.
Abstract. Both present experimental and previous historical data were used to develop the empirical model. Generally, the aim of this study to establish an empirical model of bar formation from the present experimental data and selected historical data. Statistical techniques using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were employed for empirical model development and the selection of bar formation parameters were done based on the works of previous investigators. Validation of the newly developed empirical model was done by using a different set of historical data from selected laboratory studies. Model development involved selection of parameters through review of established models, dimensional analysis to check on the homogeneity of the model and statistical analysis. Derived empirical model has been validated using a different set of data from previous studies. Analysis confirmed that the empirical model derived using linear regression technique depicts the highest discrepancy ratio accuracy of
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