Construction activities on peat soils are found to be extremely difficult as the soil is profound as soft soil and has low shear strength and high moisture content. Due to alternating swelling and shrinkage nature, it causes serious damage to the structure above it. This happens due to repetition of drying and wetting of soil. Stabilization of soil is commonly applied to improve the mechanical properties of soil prior to soil engineering works. This soil improvement method is advantageous and effective one by using waste materials. Waste in our country is divided in various types and it includes domestic wastes, industrial wasters, agricultural wastes etc. Because of difficulties to diminish these wastes without affect to environment and surroundings, it can be used as a stabilizing agent in the soil. Therefore, this experimental study carried out to evaluate the effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and sawdust on engineering properties of the peat soil. The properties such as compaction and unconfined compressive strength are determined separately with sawdust and added of RHA in peat soil at a variety of percentages (2.5%, 5% etc.) in addition small amount of constant rate of lime with 2% of the dry soil weight. By obtaining the results, it can deduce a promising and improving result in stabilizing the soil with sawdust and Rice Husk Ash in both economic and strength capacity. This will not only solve the waste disposal problem but also enhance the strength characteristics of soil significantly.
An extensive experimental study on mechanical properties of a sandstone subjected to cyclic loadings are presented and discussed in this study. Cyclic loading test were performed in triaxial condition at confining pressure of 4 MPa. The mechanical properties of the rock were altered by cyclic loading; dependent upon the applied stress level during cyclic loading the rock may experience damage or hardening as a result of cyclic loading. It was identified that a critical maximum normalized deviator stress (i.e. deviator stress at the beginning of unloading normalized by rock peak strength) exists between 92-95% which defines the limit between hardening and damage behavior during cyclic loading. If the cyclic loading deviator stress is lower than this critical boundary, the peak strength my increase in postcyclic monotonic loading. This increase in peak strength is directly proportional to the normalized deviator stress in unloading; the amount of increase in peak strength decreases with a decrease in cyclic loading deviator stress. In cyclic damage tests, in general, the increase of Poisson's ratio, v, and the degradation of tangent Young's modulus, E tan , indicate the progressive accumulation of damage in the rock sample over the loading cycles. In cyclic hardening tests, however, v values for the cyclic hardening test remained fairly constant and E tan values slightly increased. Moreover, it was found that in cyclic damage tests the amount of axial and lateral strains cumulated during cyclic testing in much greater than those values for cyclic hardening tests.
Turbidity is one of the importance of physical water quality parameter in the water treatment process. Aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferric chloride are the most widely groups of chemical coagulant and have been extensively used to remove turbidity. However, there are several flaws relates to the environmental issue and impose health risk to the consumer. Fruit peel waste as a natural coagulant is one of the alternative techniques in minimizing the usage of chemical coagulant in water treatment. This research focused on a combination of ratio 60:40 and 80:20 of citrus microcarpa peels and citrus aurantiifolia peels to act as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal. Furthermore, the effect of mixing duration is determined to establish the optimum mixing duration for the highest turbidity removal. Standard practice using jar test were performed in synthetic turbid water using kaolin. The highest turbidity removal occurred at optimum ratio of 80:20 with 77.6% efficiency removal where the optimum mixing duration was found to be at 120 rpm of rapid mixing at 3 minutes, 50 rpm of slow mixing at 20 minutes and 60 minutes of settling time. The study demonstrated that combination of citrus aurantiifolia peels and citrus microcarpa peels have the potential to be used as natural coagulant for a future alternative in water treatment.
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