A bactericidal property of Cymbopogon nardus oil (CNO) has been investigated in the previous study. This study aimed to confirm the bactericidal activity of Cymbopogon nardus against different bacteria strains. CNO with the concentration of 1%, 3% and 8% were injected into 100 mL canned tubes. Each sample was diluted by hard water and added with a bacterial suspension test in the presence of interfering substance. The mixture was maintained at 20 °C for 5 min. Water shall be new distilled water-not demineralized water. At the end of contact time, an aliquot was taken, and bactericidal activity was immediately neutralized by the diluted-neutralization method. Neutralizers used in this study were: peptone 10 gL−1, beef extract 5 gL−1, NaCl 5 gL−1, soy lecithin 1 gL−1 and polysorbate 80 20 gL−1; while the interfering substance was 0.3 gL−1 bovine albumin for clean conditions. The number of cells in the bacterial suspension test per treatment was 1.54 x 108 cfu mL−1. It was verified that there was no toxic active chemical compounds found after the application of neutralizer and dilution-neutralization method. The output of this study was a bactericidal against strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC®10536™), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Aureus (ATCC®6538™) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC®14028™).
Beberapa tanaman seperti kakao (Theobroma cacao), alpukat (Persea americana), puspa (Schima wallichii), sengon (Falcataria mollucana) dan tarik angin (Usnea sp.) banyak ditanam di masyarakat untuk kebutuhan buah-buahan atau kayu. Secara periodik, masyarakat memanen jenis-jenis tersebut untuk dimanfaatkan kayunya atau peremajaan tanaman. Pada umumnya, sortimen kayu digunakan untuk konstruksi sederhana, atau dibakar. Selain teknik pembakaran konvensional untuk menghasilkan arang, ada produk lain yang dapat dihasilkan yaitu asap cair menggunakan teknik pembakaran dengan menambahkan kondensor untuk menghasilkan asap cair. Asap cair memiliki kandungan kimia organik dengan beragam manfaat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan kimia organik jenis asap cair dari jenis kayu kakao, kayu alpukat, kayu puspa, kayu sengon dan kayu tarik angin. Kelima jenis material studi dikarbonisasi menggunakan reaktor pirolisis pada suhu 400°C. Asap cair didapat dengan cara kondensasi uap karbonisasi kelima jenis tersebut. Analisis kandungan kimia organik asap cair menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektrometer massa (Gas Chromatography Mass Spektophotometry, GCMS) Pirolisys Type QP2010 dan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Analisis GCMS menunjukkan bahwa asap cair kayu kakao memiliki konsentrasi kelompok asam tertinggi, yaitu 45,53%, sementara konsentrasi asam asetatnya adalah 31,81%. Kehadiran kelompok fenol tertinggi terdapat pada asap cair kayu alpukat sebanyak 56,86%, di mana konsentrasi senyawa fenol mencapai 41,92%. Kelompok asam dan fenol merupakan jenis senyawa yang terkandung pada asap cair dan memiliki manfaat yang luas.
This paper describes the biosensor synthesis from teak lignocellulosic material. Nanocarbon was produced in drum-kiln at a temperature of 400-500°C for 7-8 hours. The activation procedure at a temperature of 800°C for 1 hour using H2O and KOH activator and characterized by proximate analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) techniques were applied for biosensor synthesis, while potential measurements and detection limits were used to measure product performance. This study shows that the optimal formula was a mixture of 15% MIP, 45% carbon, and 40% paraffin which produced a Nernst factor of 49.7mV/decade and detection limit of 1.02 x 10-6 M. Related references were reviewed in this paper.
Biochar presents the biochar whereby its use focuses on soil improver, known also as a biomaterial-derived product, resulting from decomposition of biomass in an oxygen-free or pyrolysis environment. This study observes the effect of the biochar amendment against pH and activity of soil microorganism. Bacterial identification has been carried out using standards applied in the Indonesian Centre for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB) laboratory. The result showed that the increase in the activity of soil microorganisms increased 3-fold compared to controls. References survey were conducted to show the benefits of biochar amendment: seedling growth, increased agricultural commodities and carbon offsets.
In this work, both pyrochar and activated carbon were prepared by physical activation (i.e., saturation and superheated) by involving a thermal agent as a comparison. The effects of three agents on the pore development of activated carbon from a new material, Calliandra calothyrsus, were observed in detail. The BET surface area and the iodine index of the prepared activated carbon were used as pyrochar selection. Proximate, ultimate, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the product. Pyrochar pores were found to develop significantly at 350 °C, indicated by an increase in the BET surface area and iodine index. Pyrochar from a temperature of 350 °C was then selected as a precursor of activated carbon. S–SS and SS–S activated carbon samples were declared to have the highest iodine index (870 mg/g) and the highest BET surface area (642 m2/g), respectively. The pore distribution data showed that the superheated agent widened the pore and provided an active site for iodine adsorption, while the saturation agent resulted in a narrower pore for an increase in the BET surface area. S–SS has a lower C fraction and higher O fraction than SS–S. The SS–S samples have both Vol and Volmic for an increased BET surface area. The number of aromatic layers and –OH functional groups of the S–SS sample is more convenient for iodine enhancement than for increasing the BET surface area. Less water droplets and greater energy from superheated resulting pores widen, increasing the aromatic layer and providing additional functional groups.
Pengolahan minyak nabati buah malapari (Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre) menyisakan limbah kulit buah yang belum dimanfaatkan. Salah satu pemanfaatan kulit buah malapari adalah bahan baku karbon aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah malapari sebagai bahan baku arang aktif yang menggunakan cara kimia dan fisika. Kondisi optimum pembuatan arang aktif dihasilkan dari bahan baku yang dikarbonisasi pada suhu 400°C, diaktivasi dengan asam fosfat 2% dan pemanasan pada suhu 750°C sambil dialiri uap air selama 60 menit. Proses tersebut merupakan kondisi optimum yang menghasilkan rendemen arang aktif sebesar 54%, kadar air 8,6%, zat terbang 11,85%, abu 24,73%, karbon terikat 63,42%, daya jerap benzena 10,15%, daya jerap biru metilena 93,89 mg/g, dan daya jerap iod 648,62 mg/g serta luas permukaan spesifik 348,11 m2/g. Arang aktif studi ini masih di bawah standar Indonesia, yang dipengaruhi oleh waktu retensi aktivasi yang belum optimal.
Activated carbon prepared from Gigantochloa robusta was studied to reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels in pharmaceutical-liquid waste. Physical activator was used to produce Activated Carbon (AC) in temperature regulation of 750°C retort for 60 minutes. Dosage of AC powder were 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% of 250 mL of pharmaceutical waste, respectively. Retention time variations of 30, 60, and 90 minutes were used in laboratory scale experiments. Proximate analysis including volatile substances, water content, ash content, fixed carbon and I2 adsorption were observed to characterize AC. This research shows that the produced AC successfully meets the SNI 06-3730-1995 standards. The study results show variations in COD removal between 9-23%. The best result was performed by the AC dosage of 0.75% over a 60 minutes retention time.
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