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Early studies on fathers focused mainly on their presence in or absence from children's lives, and the amount of time they spent with them. More recently, several authors have stated the importance of understanding the quality of father involvement to comprehend fully its impact on child development. However, studies have also reported that socio-demographic variables, namely, father educational levels and employment status affect parenting and children outcomes. The aims of this study were to analyze a sample of 465 Portuguese two-parent families with pre-school age children, looking for associations between father involvement in care/socialization activities and paternal parenting styles while testing for the moderating effect of father educational levels and working hours. Fathers reported on their own parenting styles and mothers described the father's involvement. Fathers' working hours moderated the relation between his authoritative parenting style and involvement in teaching/discipline and play activities. In addition, fathers' education moderated the relation between his authoritative style and involvement in direct care and teaching/discipline. Given the different roles that fathers can assume in their children's lives, it is important to understand the mechanisms of paternal participation, and identify the factors which explain the differences in effective care so that we can promote higher positive involvement.

The hypothalamic nonapeptides oxytocin and vasopressin are important modulators of socio-affective behaviours in a wide variety of animal species, including humans. Nevertheless, there is little research addressing their possible roles on socio-affective dimensions of human behaviour across development, during which considerable behavioural and physiological change occurs. Questions still remain about the extent to which findings from adults may directly apply to earlier phases of human development. In this article, we systematically summarize and discuss all existing studies investigating the developmental association of endogenous levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin with human social behaviour or on its disruption in paediatric populations. Evidence is sparse insofar as there are still relatively few developmental studies and limited due to correlational research designs and unreliability of methods currently used for neuropeptide measurements in biological fluids. The findings to date generally converge with adult evidence, but also suggest that important differences between age stages may exist. Further studies focusing these differences may prove critical for informing drug development for socio-affective deficits in paediatric populations.

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Attachment research suggests that children with secure attachments are more able to construct meaningful relationships with peers. Few studies, however, have attempted to map early attachment security to the formation and maintenance of preschool friendships. Special attention has been paid to affiliative relationships (particularly friendships) because these are presumed to be of special importance with respect to a number of developmental outcomes and social adjustment indices. This study examined the relations between mother-child and father-child attachment relationships using the attachment Q-sort (AQS) and the number of reciprocated friendships of preschool children. Thirty-five mother-child and father-child dyads from bi-parental families participated in the study. Children were between 29 and 38 months of age for the first assessment. The organisation of children's secure base behaviour with both parents was assessed from separate observations of the child and parent at home. Subsequently, sociometric measures were used at four years of age to determine peer preferences. The correlation between the independent AQS scores for fathers and mothers was positive and significant (r = .51, p < .05). Thus, there was consistency in child secure base behaviour across visits with each parent. Bivariate correlation and regression analyses showed a significant positive relation between AQS security with fathers (but not with mothers) and the number of reciprocated friendships (r = .43, p < .05). Regression analyses indicated that AQS security with fathers remained a significant predictor of friendships even when AQS security with mothers was controlled. These findings may indicate a distinct relational effect of interaction quality with the father.

The present work analyses differences in the attachment representations of institutionalized children as compared with children from low and high educational level living with their natural families. Participants were 91 Portuguese children, 52% girls, aged 48-96 months. There were three different groups: 19 institutionalized children, 16 low educational level families' children and 56 from high educational level families'. Attachment representations were assessed for Security of the narratives of the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT). Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist for parents and caretakers. Verbal skills were assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Results show that institutionalized children have signifi cantly lower security of attachment representations, less verbal skills and higher aggressive behaviour than the other two groups. Attachment representations were associated with social/withdrawal and aggression, independently of age, verbal skills and parents' education. The main effect of institutionalization on externalizing aggressive behaviour was completely mediated by the security of attachment representations.

O presente estudo enquadra-se na perspectiva de que o conhecimento das emoções tem efeitos na prontidão e no ajustamento escolar, actuando como mediador entre os factores psicológicos (competências académicas; competências sociais) e os factores proximais (aceitação entre pares). Testaram-se duas hipóteses: (1) o conhecimento das emoções é um factor de mediação na associação entre as competências académicas e a aceitação entre pares; (2) o conhecimento das emoções é um factor de mediação na associação entre as competências sociais e a aceitação entre pares. Participaram no estudo 40 crianças, 22 do sexo masculino e 18 do feminino, entre os 5 e os 6 anos. Com vista à análise do conhecimento das emoções utilizou-se a adaptação portuguesa do Teste de Conhecimento de Emoções (Denham, McKinley, Couchoud, & Holt, 1990), tendo sido, ainda, realizadas entrevistas sociométricas às crianças (Vaughn, Colvin, Azria, Caya, & Krysik, 2001). Mães e pais responderam separadamente à Escala de Avaliação do Comportamento e Competência Social de LaFreniere e Dumas (1996) e, à Escala de Competência Interpessoal (Cairns, Leung, Gest, & Cairns, 1995). Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que o conhecimento das emoções em crianças de cinco e seis anos é um factor de mediação nas associações entre as competências académicas e a aceitação entre pares. Porém, não se obteve resultados significativos desta mediação para a associação entre as competências sociais e a aceitação entre pares, infirmando a nossa segunda hipótese.

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