The crisis facing the world's oceans from plastics is well documented, yet there is little knowledge of the perspectives, experiences and options of the coastal communities facing overwhelming quantities of plastics on their beaches and in their fishing waters. In emerging economies such as those in the Coral Triangle, the communities affected are among the poorest of their countries. To understand the consequences of ocean plastic pollution in coastal regions, through the eyes of local people, this study examines the knowledge, use, disposal and local consequences of single use plastics in remote island communities in two archipelagos of southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using mixed methods-a survey of plastic literacy and behaviour, household interviews about purchasing and disposal, and focus group discussions to generate shared mental models-we identify a complex set of factors contributing to extensive plastic leakage into the marine environment. The rising standard of living has allowed people in low resource, remote communities to buy more single-use plastic items than they could before. Meanwhile complex geography and minimal collection services make waste management a difficult issue, and leave the communities themselves to shoulder the impacts of the ocean plastic crisis. Although plastic literacy is low, there is little the coastal communities can do unless presented with better choice architecture both on the supply side and in disposal options. Our results suggest that for such coastal communities improved waste disposal is urgent. Responsible supply chains and non-plastic alternatives are needed. Producers and manufacturers can no longer focus only on low-cost packaged products, without taking responsibility for the outcomes. Without access to biodegradable, environmentally friendly products, and a circular plastic system, coastal communities and surrounding marine ecosystems will continue to be inundated in plastic waste.
In the body of systems thinking, system dynamics (SD) is considered to be a powerful tool. However, when dealing with a social entity such as a smallholder group, SD is considered to be a researcher-centrist methodology that may not accurately reflect perspectives and social power sensitivities of all stakeholders. This paper reports on research in which, in an effort to enhance SD, these deficiencies are addressed through complementary application of soft systems methodology, which has strength in acknowledging multiple perspectives, and critical systems heuristics, which can explicitly address power asymmetry. A series of interviews and workshops was undertaken to identify the problematic situation of smallholder beef farming in Java. To describe its linkages, this problematic situation was then translated into a causal loop diagram from which the systems archetypes were identified. The nature of each archetype is described, and the implications for identification of the possible system leverage points are discussed.
Purpose of this research is to focus on importance of knowing the activities of smallholder enterprise systems, types and trends in the patterns of integrated systems adopted, the impact of implementing integrated systems and the implications for sustainability of livestock systems. This research also emphasize the importance of opportunities in enhancing and increasing livestock productivity and increasing production in smallholder farms and developing the easiest formulation of strategies for sustainable livestock systems. A qualitative method using Soft System Methodology (SSM) from System Thinking was chosen to visualize the activities of smallholder enterprise systems and the pattern of integrated systems are presented descriptively. The next study method of quantitative is used to determine the impact of livestock productivity on each applied integrated systems presented comparatively. Soft System Methodology succeed to visualize smallholder enterprise systems at the level of individual and community level of farmer. Farmer’s group activity influence the pattern of integrated systems that impacted on beef cattle’s productivity. The ICLFS pattern promotes a way of optimally utilizing agroecosystems and it has potential and become candidate system that be able in enhancing and increasing productivity, increasing livestock production and farmer's income, and realize beef self-sufficiency.
ABSTRAK. Pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan banyak program untuk meningkatkan populasi sapi di Indonesia, namun untuk memenuhi kebutuhan daging nasional Indonesia masih tergantung pada impor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dampak bantuan pemerintah terhadap kinerja kelompok peternak sapi potong, terutama pada aspek sosial ekonomi. Pemodelan kualitatif menggunakan Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) dipilih untuk memetakan hubungan antar elemen yang terkait. Penelitian dilakukan dengan observasi langsung, wawancara semi-terstruktur, dan lokakarya pada dua kelompok ternak di Kabupaten Banjarnegara dan Banyumas. Diagram menunjukkan bahwa dalam di dalam sistem teridentifikasi enam buah loops yang terbagi atas tiga loops penyeimbang dan tiga loops saling memperkuat. Berdasarkan studi ini dapat diketahui bahwa program pemerintah yang pada awalnya didesain untuk memacu populasi sapi potong, pada kenyataanya di level peternak tidak sepenuhnya teradopsi dengan baik. Peternak hanya mengadopsi aktifitas yang dinilai lebih mudah dan lebih cepat mendatangkan keuntungan. Besarnya nilai bantuan berupa uang tunai yang langsung masuk ke rekening kelompok memicu keinginan peternak untuk dapat memperoleh keuntungan secepat-cepatnya, sehingga peternak lebih memilih penggemukan yang memiliki siklus lebih cepat. (Qualitative modelling of the impact of government grant on beef cattle farming performance) ABSTRACT. The Government of Indonesia has introduced various programs to increase the cattle population. However, Indonesia still relies on imports to meet national demand. This study aimed to explore the impact of government program on the performance of farmer groups, particularly in socioeconomic aspect. Qualitative modelling using Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) of System Dynamics methodology was applied to connect the linkages among elements. A series of observations, semi-structured interviews, and workshops were undertaken involving two farmer groups from two districts; Banjarnegara and Banyumas. CLD showed a total of 6 loops; 3 balancing and 3 reinforcing loops. Each loop represented certain behaviour of the system. The study revealed that the program which initially designed to build engine of growth to boost population from farmers’ group level were not entirely implemented as it is. There were indications of selective adoption and side tracking. Farmers tended to prefer activities which more profitable and generate cash fasterly. A large amount of cash flow into farmers bank account provoked farmers to get immediate benefit, thus farmers choose the fattening over breeding which considered having shorter production cycle and disregarding the breeding which took longer time to produce cash.
The research entitled “Identification of Factors Contributed to Beef Cattle Reproductive Disorders in Ogan Komering Ulu Timur Regency (OKU Timur) of South Sumatra Province in UPSUS SIWAB Program 2018” was done on Semendawai Suku III and Semendawai Timur, OKU Timur regency, South Sumatra on October 10th until November 10th 2018. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors contributed to reproductive disorders of beef cattle, mapping the factors that affect reproductive disorders of beef cattle and generate strategies to improve reproductive performance of beef cattle in OKU Timur Regency. The targets in the study are 40 beef cattle breeders, 2 inseminators and 2 employees of the Local Office of Fisheries and Livestock Services of OKU Timur Regency.The research was done by survey, the method used was qualitative modeling with the Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). The variables observed in the study were variables related to reproductive performance consisted of Body Condition Score (BCS), Calving Interval (CI), Service per Conception (S/C), Conception Rate (CR) and variables related to factors indicated to have contribution to reproductive disorders such as farmer characteristics, resources owned by farmers and resources possessed by inseminators. The results showed that reproductive disorders of beef cattle in OKU Timur Regency included ovarian hypofunction, endometritis, pyometra, systolic ovary, silent heat, vulvitis, vaginitis, mummification and placental retention. The identified factors contributed to reproductive disorders are low quality and availability of feed, low breeders' knowledge, absence of postpartum treatment, limited medical supplies and quantity, unstandard technical implementation of artificial insemination, cross breeding of heifer, insufficient inseminator facilities. Strategies that can be done to improve the reproductive performance of beef cattle is to increase the role of the government in providing superior feed seeds and assisting by Universities; increasing the number of medicalsupplies and facilities, equip inseminator with sufficient facilities, and technical insemination and increasing the intensity of extension services to improve farmers' knowledge and utilization of potential agricultural waste with technology.
Most dairy farmers in Banyumas Regency are work in groups because their milk product should be sold in the group to the cooperative. The top-down formation made the members of the dairy farmer group less involved in the motivation to the group. This study aims to analyze the relationship among the long-standing leadership and the motivating ability to the organizational commitment of members of the dairy farmers group in Banyumas Regency. This study used survey methods. The sampling area has been done by purposive sampling method by selecting Pekuncen and Cilongok districts, where a lot of dairy farmers are there. The sample of the group has been determined by the census method as many as 11 groups, 124 farmers. The respondents have been selected by random sampling method, as many as 50% of the total group members or 62 farmers. The data has been analyzed using Spearman’s Rank correlation then performed descriptively. The results showed that the leader of the dairy farmers group had long-standing leadership and they had a good motivating ability. The member had a high organizational commitment to the groups. Eventually, the length of leadership and the motivating ability had a fairly strong relationship with the organizational commitment of group members with correlation coefficients of 0.574 and 0.544.
The purpose of this research was to assess the reproductive performance of beef cattle based on different production systems. Survey research was carried out in Margasari Subdistrict, Tegal Regency, Central Java Province, in 13 farmer groups (a total of 188 breeders and 557 beef cattle) who took shelter in the SPR Program The qualitative and quantitative design framework is used to obtain comprehensive data. The questionnaire was used to get data and respondents determined by census method. SPSS software is used to analyze data. The results showed that 38.46% of farmer groups implemented a crop-livestock-system (CLS), 30.77% of farmer groups implemented a livestock-forestry system (LFS), and 30.77% of farmer groups implemented a crop-livestock-forestry-system (CLFS) in producing beef cattle. The results of the present study were significantly (P<0.05) there were differences in each reproductive performance parameter (BCS, S / C, CR, CI, and CC), which was observed in each beef production system (CLFS, CLS, and LFS). The results of this study also provide an overview of the simultaneous effects on the application of the production system to the reproductive performance of beef cattle. Although there has been certain variation between the production systems, the reproductive performance of the observed beef cattle has not been satisfactory. Improving nutrition management in cattle is needed to realize successful reproductive performance.
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