be contacted; they had had 31 operations. Soon after surgery (the first 48 h), 22 (73%) of the patients had little or no oral pain; 70% and 90% of the patients were able to eat and drink, respectively; 59% complained of numbness and 75% complained of tightness of the mouth. At discharge 6 days after surgery 90% of patients had little or no oral pain and all were able to eat and drink, but 10% had moderate-to-severe oral pain, 39% had oral numbness, and 52% had tightness of the mouth. At the time of interview, 16% of patients had oral numbness (mean duration 13.6 months) and 32% had tightness of the mouth (mean duration 20.9 months). In answer to the question of whether they would have their cheek mucosa harvested again if required, 74% responded 'yes', 3% 'no', and 23% had mixed feelings. CONCLUSIONSBMG harvesting is a good operation, as most patients were satisfied, but it is not without long-term complications and patients should be adequately informed.

, S. M. (2012). Urinary diversion and bladder reconstruction/replacement using intestinal segments for intractable incontinence or following cystectomy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2),-. [CD003306].

BackgroundOveractive bladder syndrome is defined as "urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia". It is a common condition with significant economic and quality of life implications. While the condition's pathophysiology remains to be fully elucidated, pharmacotherapy is the main treatment option. Despite uncertainty as to drug treatment of choice, anticholinergics are increasingly being used in primary and secondary care settings. This review compares anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating overactive bladder syndromes. ObjectivesTo compare anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating overactive bladder symptoms. Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 20 December 2006) and the reference lists of relevant articles. No language or other limits were imposed. Selection criteriaAll randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing anticholinergic drugs with other drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms. At least one arm of the study used an anticholinergic drug and at least one other arm used a non-anticholinergic drug. Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers assessed the identified studies for eligibility and methodological quality and independently extracted data from the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan so ware (version 4.2.8). Main resultsTwelve trials were included in the review. There were seven crossover trials and five parallel group studies. For the comparisons between anticholinergic drugs with tricyclic antidepressants, alpha adrenergic agonists, a erent nerve inhibitors, and calcium channel blocker a single trial was identified for each. Nine trials compared flavoxate with anticholinergics. There was no evidence of a di erence in cure rates between anticholinergics and flavoxate. Adverse e ects were more frequent in anticholinergic groups versus flavoxate groups (RR 2.28 95% CI 1.45 to 3.56). There was no strong evidence to favour either anticholinergic drugs or the comparators.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

We suggest that a 10 cc 1% Lignocaine infiltration at the apical region of the prostate be used to obtain best pain relief during this procedure. Plain lubricant jelly is sufficient for probe insertion. There is no need to alter the anaesthetic requirement if number of cores is increased.

Recent advances in the fields of organ donation and organ transplant have introduced new hope for the treatment of serious diseases. However, this promise has been accompanied by several issues. The most common issue raised is ethical implications, but in a multicultural society like Malaysia, additional concerns arise pertaining to social and religious issues. These concerns needs to be addressed as attitudes toward and acceptability of organ donation varies according to social, culture, and religion. The diverse cultural, religious, and traditional concepts pertaining to organ donation may hamper its acceptability and cause a lack of willingness to donate organs. The purpose of this article is to briefly explore the ethical issues involved in organ transplant and the various religious opinions on organ donation. It is hoped that this knowledge and understanding may benefit both health care providers and patients in a multicultural society like Malaysia.