Preparation with either rhTSH or THW in this retrospective study appears to have similar therapeutic (tumoricidal) effects on small volume RAI-avid metastatic disease incidentally discovered at the time of ablation in both locoregional lymph nodes and pulmonary parenchyma.

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There is inconclusive evidence on the ability of scientific research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education to scale-up from one context to another and ultimately become institutionalized. The dearth of evidence draws focus on how organizations change and evolve or the process of organizational learning. We designed this systematic review of the literature to uncover to what extent and how organizational theory has been leveraged within STEM interventions or as a research tool to inform the policies and practices of STEM education organizations. Unlike previous reviews, we explicitly focused on how organizational learning informs cultural transformation toward the success of racially and ethnically underrepresented minority (URM) students in STEM. The research question was: How has organizational theory and learning informed the potential for STEM education to center the success of URM students? Our results reveal that STEM entities that did not leverage organizational theory consistently fell into either the “decision trap” identified by Langely et al. created by ignoring temporal structures or deemed the innovation threatening, as Kezar suggested. We conclude with practical recommendations for the design of STEM education interventions.

BackgroundEngineering can play a significant role in the public good. Changing political dynamics and a surge in activism among the broader science community have only heightened this reality. Yet little published research exists about how engineering students develop both their technical and political identities to affect the broader society.PurposeThis study sought to extend and complicate notions of engineering education that grapple with the political preparation of undergraduate students. The research question was the following: In what ways do students majoring in engineering navigate the process of acquiring an attitude of political fluency?DesignCase study methodology informed the research design with undergraduate engineering majors serving as the primary unit of analysis. Focus groups involving a total of 20 students and a review of electronic documents were conducted across three institutions in the Northeastern U.S. to produce data for this qualitative study.ResultsEngineering students described experiencing the following tensions that shaped their political involvement: (a) limited exposure to politically motivating events, (b) privileging private gains while noting aspirational contributions to the public good, and (c) politics positioned at the periphery of engineering.ConclusionsConsistent with increased attention to social justice and civic engagement outcomes, political engagement is a critical educational outcome for engineering educators to cultivate. However, if engineering programs are to contribute to the political identity formation of their students, structural changes in the preparation of engineering students will be necessary.

The validity of 7 d weighed records of diet obtained for pre-menopausal Mexican women was assessed by two independent methods: the energy intake:BMR (EI:BMR) and the dietary N:urinary N (DN:UN). For the latter, complete urine collections are required and completeness was assessed from measurements of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) excretion. There were forty-six adult female subjects in the study, thirty-four were from Mexico City and twelve were from a rural population in the Central Highlands, Mexico. However, data were rejected from five urban women for whom the PABA excretion data suggested incomplete urine collection on four or more days. BMR was measured with Oxylog portable O 2 consumption meters, and physical activity level was assessed from a self-completed activity diary. An approximate relationship between the EI:BMR ratio and the DN:UN ratio suggested that the rejection limits on the EI:BMR ratio recommended by Goldberg et al. (1991) are wider than the limits on the DN:UN ratio recommended by Bingham & Cummings (1985). Using the recommended cut-off points for EI:BMR but wider limits for DN:UN, twenty-one and twenty-five women respectively had acceptable intake records by the two methods, and sixteen of them by both methods. In conclusion the modification of the DN:UN limits to 0´92 and 1´70 to set acceptable intake values makes the use of measurements of N and energy balance comparable. Urine values with PABA recoveries greater than 100^15 % should be rejected, as should UN values validated by less than 3 d. Validation: Food intake: MethodologyAn ongoing problem in nutritional research is the uncertain validity of methods for assessing habitual food intake. The 7 d weighed diet record method is often the reference method, as it uses prospectively collected data with precise information on quantity and food type (Bingham et al. 1988). To validate it in free-living individuals is difficult, because it relies on information supplied by the subjects. Validation against some external criterion should therefore be built into the protocol of any planned dietary surveys (Bingham & Cummings, 1985). Isaksson (1980) proposed the use of 24 h urinary N excretion (UN) to validate protein intake; cut-off limits for the UN:dietary N (DN) ratio of 0´7±0´9 were proposed by Bingham & Cummings (1985). Completeness of urine collections may be assessed reliably by the para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) method (Bingham et al. 1983). Doubly-labelled water ( 18 O and 2 H) measurements of energy expenditure (EE) have been used to assess bias in estimates of energy intake (EI) as measured by the 7 d weighed diet record procedure. These studies have highlighted the problem of under-reporting. Goldberg et al. (1991) proposed validating intakes by detecting unlikely values of the EI:BMR ratio, which we call intake physical activity level (IPAL), assuming a common value for physical activity level (PAL) of 1´55 Â BMRX Using this approach, Black et al. (1991) found that 64 % of published studies using dietary intake records fell below ac...