Abstract. Retweets are an important mechanism for recognising propagation of information on the Twitter social media platform. However, many retweets do not use the official retweet mechanism, or even community established conventions, and these "dark retweets" are not accounted for in many existing analysis. In this paper, a comprehensive matrix of tweet propagation is presented to show the different nuances of retweeting, based on seven characteristics: whether it is proprietary, the mechanism used, whether it is directed to followers or non-followers, whether it mentions other users, if it is explicitly propagating another tweet, if it links to an original tweet, and what is the audience it is pushed to. Based on this matrix and two assumptions of retweetability, the degrees of a retweet's "darkness" can be determined. This matrix was evaluated over 2.3 million tweets and it was found that dark retweets amounted to 12.86% (for search results less than 1500 tweets per URL) and 24.7% (for search results including more than 1500 tweets per URL) respectively. By extrapolating these results with those found in existing studies, potentially thousands of retweets may be hidden from existing studies on retweets.
In the new global economy, information seeking behavior of halal food products has become a central issue for Muslims. Muslims in Malaysia form two-third of the entire population who makes the significance of consuming halal food products. This paper presents a conceptual framework on the information seeking behavior of Malaysian Muslim consumers while searching for halal food products. This conceptual framework presents the potential factors that might influence the information seeking behavior for halal food products among Malaysian Muslim consumers. This paper assumes that there is a relationship among human information attributes, namely: attitude, habit and awareness of individual and sources of information as factors that may lead to an effective information searching process. This study provides insights into how Malaysian Muslim consumers seek information for a halal food product that offers an effective searching process.
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