Article HistoryInvestment plays a vital part in economic progress of the countries. The current study tried to examine the influence of the investment on economic development of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries by used the panel data for the dated 2000-2014. This study applied Hausman test to check the fixed effect model is appropriate or random effect model is appropriate. The empirical results explained that the random effect model is suitable in this study. Random effect model has been examined the influence of investment, government expenditure and inflation on economic evolution of SAARC countries. The study also explained that the investment, government expenditure are positive impact on economic progress. The outcome of inflation is negligible on economic evolution. Contribution/ Originality:This study contributed that investment plays an imperative character in the progression of economic development, by means of a panel data set of SAARC countries. This study empirical result explained that the investment is positive effect the economic growth because the investment rise and the economic evolution also increase. The outcome of government expenditure is positive and significant on economic development. These are durable reason for preserving the public sector. The outcome of inflation is negative and insignificant on economic evolution. In these countries the inflation are negative impact on economic progress because inflation cannot precedes the economic growing.
The agriculture sector plays a significant role in the development of the national economy and providing raw materials to the industrial sector. Trying to get more agricultural productivity, most farmers ignored the adverse effects of agricultural chemicals or pesticides that have a negative impact on the environment. So, the importance of agricultural ecological efficiency needs to be understood. This study attempts to explore whether agriculture, as an important source of carbon dioxide production, can have an effective impact on the agricultural ecological efficiency of carbon trading pilot policies in the context of the global implementation of carbon trading. This study evaluated the agricultural ecological efficiency (AEE) and its spatial distribution characteristics of 31 provinces in China, the data period was from 2000 to 2018. By applying the spatial difference-in-difference (SDID) approach, the study investigates the effects of low-carbon policies on agricultural ecological efficiency in pilot areas. The results demonstrate that low-carbon trading pilot policies have a significant impact on agricultural ecological efficiency. At the same time, the effects of regional economic development, population growth, urbanization, and urban innovation on efficiency are also significant. The improvement of agricultural ecological efficiency requires not only the full implementation of low-carbon trading pilot policies but also the development of regional economy and high-quality agriculture. The findings provide further policy recommendations for high-quality agricultural development.
The faster development of the agriculture sector has led to the excessive waste of agriculture resources and that development causes serious damage to the ecological environment. So, ecological agriculture has become an important topic to understand the relationship between agriculture and the environment. This study tries to examine the impact of agricultural fiscal expenditures on agricultural ecological efficiency. In the first step, the researcher found the ecological efficiency of agriculture. The second step tries to examine the agricultural fiscal expenditure impact on agriculture’s ecological efficiency. The study used data from 30 provinces of China from 1998 to 2018. For the empirical results, the researcher used the super-efficiency DEA window analysis in the first step. Moreover, we used the spatial Durbin model in the second step. The results of the study revealed that China’s agricultural ecological efficiency shows a downward trend to an upward trend. The efficiency value of the eastern region is higher than the central region’s efficiency value, which is lower than the national average level. The western region’s efficiency value is equal to the national average level, and the differences between regions vary with the time period. The nuclear density of agricultural eco-efficiency in China showed a trend of “left-shift rising—double peaks—right-shifting decline”. In terms of space, China’s agricultural ecological efficiency has a significant positive spatial spillover effect, especially in the eastern and western regions. The results of the spatial Durbin model revealed that agricultural fiscal expenditures have a significant role in promoting China’s agricultural ecological efficiency. While agricultural governance has shown a significant spatial crowd-out effect. Therefore, it is proposed to promote the development of inter-provincial agricultural cooperation, and the formulation of agricultural financial support strategies should be green-oriented and should consider regional heterogeneity.
The current study has examined the role of agriculture in urbanization. The study used time series data from 1983-2017. The order of integration of data suggested the estimation of an autoregressive distributed lag model for analysis. The study also used (Bayer and Hanck, 2012) combine cointegration to check the consistency of the cointegration relationship between agriculture growth and urbanization in the presence of other regressors. The empirical results showed that growth in the agriculture sector decreased urbanization. Whereas, problematic urbanization can be controlled through the development of the agriculture sector of the economy. The government can improve the agriculture sector by providing incentives to the farming community in the selected potential areas of agriculture, Like value addition and livestock. Improvement of the agricultural financial system of Pakistan can play a significant role.
Solving the problem of agricultural water use efficiency is an effective means to understand the agricultural ecological civilization and food security. In order to balance the relationship between agriculture water efficiency and regional economic size, this study examines the agricultural water use efficiency in China based on the Super-SBM model of unexpected output. At the same time, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was introduced to analyze the spatial spillover effect and try to find ways to improve agricultural water use efficiency from the perspective of influencing factors. The present study used the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1998 to 2018 for obtaining empirical results. The results show that (1) China's agricultural water resources’ utilization efficiency in 21 years has not remained high, the results showed that it was 0.496 in 1998, 0.572 in 2008, and 0.657 in 2018, but it is slowly rising which explains that the low efficiency is mainly caused by the low pure technical efficiency; (2) the overall agricultural water use efficiency in China is in a situation of spatial agglomeration but there has been a trend of shifting positive correlations to negative correlations among neighboring provinces, The study found that compared with 1998 in 2018, high–high agglomeration type and low–low agglomeration type down from 20 provinces 12 provinces, And low – high agglomeration type and high–low agglomeration type’ is increased from 10 provinces to 2018, which specifically manifested as a negative spillover effect; (3) during the research period, the province's agricultural fixed asset investment, fiscal expenditure on agriculture, forestry, and water affairs, the number of years of education of rural residents and the increase in crop sown area have positive impacts on the efficiency of agricultural water use in the province. While the transfer of labor and increase in the disposable income of rural residents reduced the efficiency of agricultural water use in the province. Fixed agricultural investment, labor transfers, and financial expenditures for agriculture, forestry, and water affairs in neighboring provinces have negative impacts on the province's agricultural water use efficiency. The impact is specifically manifested as a negative spatial spillover effect. As a result, China's agriculture will move towards healthy and green development. Therefore, the efficiency of agricultural water use needs to be comprehensively improved.
The study’s main aim is to find out the environmental livestock and poultry pollution. The study used data from 31 provinces in China from 2007 to 2019. This paper used two steps for empirical findings. In the 1st step, it conducted an initial analysis of the farmland pollution burden and water pollution that arises from the livestock and poultry industry. After this, through the fair distribution index researcher, the study analyzed the inequity of the environmental pollution burden on the livestock and poultry industry. Finally, by constructing a frontier spatial matrix and spatial econometric model, the study has analyzed the impact of economic development on the inequity of the environmental pollution burden. The econometrical analysis has provided the following conclusions: (1) China’s arable land is facing a serious pollution burden due to livestock and poultry manure. The results show that the livestock and poultry manure burden value is greater than 1. This value explained the serious environmental threat in 13 areas of China. Water pollution showed a fluctuating trend in four areas of China, while the threat of farmland pollution showed a downward trend. (2) The environmental equity index of the livestock and poultry industry in many regions of China is less than 1. This means one region is producing more pollution than its capacity. So, the pollution has crowded out the environmental capacity of other regions, resulting in an unfair environmental burden. This unfair environmental burden is especially prominent in the western region of China. (3) The phenomenon of environmental pollution-burden inequality has a spatial correlation. The environmental pollution burden inequality of a region has a significant spatial crowding out effect on the surrounding areas at the level of 1%, and the coefficient of spatial effect is −0.909. (4) The per capita GDP of the surrounding areas has a significant “inverted U-shaped” indirect impact on the environmental distribution equity index of the region, with an inflection point of 33,500 yuan/person. The research points out that clear property rights, guidance to regulate emissions trading, control blind pollution transfer, moderate industrial structure adjustment, improving rural residents’ education level, etc., are beneficial to the improvement of the environmental livestock and poultry pollution.
IntroductionWith rapid economic and social development, surging demand for domestic water, and the increasing shortage of water resources, the applications of intermittent water supply systems have become more common in rural China and other developing countries. The accompanying hygiene risks require our more attention.MethodsBased on the Grossman model, this paper conducted an IV-Oprobit model to investigate whether and how intermittent water supply affect rural residents' self-rated health status. Our data came from “China Karst Rural Economic Survey (CKRS)”, which covers 8 provinces and 641 villages in rural China's karst region.Results and discussionWe found that: (1) Intermittent water supply has adverse effects on the self-rated health status of rural residents. Compared with the rural residents under continuous water supply, the probability of “fair” health status under intermittent water supply significantly increases by 18.2%, while the probability of “excellent” significantly reduces by 58.8%. (2) Residents' water storage behavior and sanitary water habit are important mechanisms for intermittent water supply to affect residents' self-rated health status; (3) Intermittent water supply has a greater impact on the self-rated health of females and the groups with lower education levels. The results of our study have the following policy implications: relevant departments should make a rational plan about water supply methods and improve related supporting measures; we should strengthen health education for rural residents on water behavior to standardize their water storage and sanitary water behavior; government should enhance the pertinence of policy implementation and favor specific measures to specific populations.
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