Article HistoryInvestment plays a vital part in economic progress of the countries. The current study tried to examine the influence of the investment on economic development of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries by used the panel data for the dated 2000-2014. This study applied Hausman test to check the fixed effect model is appropriate or random effect model is appropriate. The empirical results explained that the random effect model is suitable in this study. Random effect model has been examined the influence of investment, government expenditure and inflation on economic evolution of SAARC countries. The study also explained that the investment, government expenditure are positive impact on economic progress. The outcome of inflation is negligible on economic evolution. Contribution/ Originality:This study contributed that investment plays an imperative character in the progression of economic development, by means of a panel data set of SAARC countries. This study empirical result explained that the investment is positive effect the economic growth because the investment rise and the economic evolution also increase. The outcome of government expenditure is positive and significant on economic development. These are durable reason for preserving the public sector. The outcome of inflation is negative and insignificant on economic evolution. In these countries the inflation are negative impact on economic progress because inflation cannot precedes the economic growing.
The agriculture sector plays a significant role in the development of the national economy and providing raw materials to the industrial sector. Trying to get more agricultural productivity, most farmers ignored the adverse effects of agricultural chemicals or pesticides that have a negative impact on the environment. So, the importance of agricultural ecological efficiency needs to be understood. This study attempts to explore whether agriculture, as an important source of carbon dioxide production, can have an effective impact on the agricultural ecological efficiency of carbon trading pilot policies in the context of the global implementation of carbon trading. This study evaluated the agricultural ecological efficiency (AEE) and its spatial distribution characteristics of 31 provinces in China, the data period was from 2000 to 2018. By applying the spatial difference-in-difference (SDID) approach, the study investigates the effects of low-carbon policies on agricultural ecological efficiency in pilot areas. The results demonstrate that low-carbon trading pilot policies have a significant impact on agricultural ecological efficiency. At the same time, the effects of regional economic development, population growth, urbanization, and urban innovation on efficiency are also significant. The improvement of agricultural ecological efficiency requires not only the full implementation of low-carbon trading pilot policies but also the development of regional economy and high-quality agriculture. The findings provide further policy recommendations for high-quality agricultural development.
The faster development of the agriculture sector has led to the excessive waste of agriculture resources and that development causes serious damage to the ecological environment. So, ecological agriculture has become an important topic to understand the relationship between agriculture and the environment. This study tries to examine the impact of agricultural fiscal expenditures on agricultural ecological efficiency. In the first step, the researcher found the ecological efficiency of agriculture. The second step tries to examine the agricultural fiscal expenditure impact on agriculture’s ecological efficiency. The study used data from 30 provinces of China from 1998 to 2018. For the empirical results, the researcher used the super-efficiency DEA window analysis in the first step. Moreover, we used the spatial Durbin model in the second step. The results of the study revealed that China’s agricultural ecological efficiency shows a downward trend to an upward trend. The efficiency value of the eastern region is higher than the central region’s efficiency value, which is lower than the national average level. The western region’s efficiency value is equal to the national average level, and the differences between regions vary with the time period. The nuclear density of agricultural eco-efficiency in China showed a trend of “left-shift rising—double peaks—right-shifting decline”. In terms of space, China’s agricultural ecological efficiency has a significant positive spatial spillover effect, especially in the eastern and western regions. The results of the spatial Durbin model revealed that agricultural fiscal expenditures have a significant role in promoting China’s agricultural ecological efficiency. While agricultural governance has shown a significant spatial crowd-out effect. Therefore, it is proposed to promote the development of inter-provincial agricultural cooperation, and the formulation of agricultural financial support strategies should be green-oriented and should consider regional heterogeneity.
The current study has examined the role of agriculture in urbanization. The study used time series data from 1983-2017. The order of integration of data suggested the estimation of an autoregressive distributed lag model for analysis. The study also used (Bayer and Hanck, 2012) combine cointegration to check the consistency of the cointegration relationship between agriculture growth and urbanization in the presence of other regressors. The empirical results showed that growth in the agriculture sector decreased urbanization. Whereas, problematic urbanization can be controlled through the development of the agriculture sector of the economy. The government can improve the agriculture sector by providing incentives to the farming community in the selected potential areas of agriculture, Like value addition and livestock. Improvement of the agricultural financial system of Pakistan can play a significant role.
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