Agricultural water use efficiency and spatial spillover effect considering undesired output in China

Abstract

Solving the problem of agricultural water use efficiency is an effective means to understand the agricultural ecological civilization and food security. In order to balance the relationship between agriculture water efficiency and regional economic size, this study examines the agricultural water use efficiency in China based on the Super-SBM model of unexpected output. At the same time, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was introduced to analyze the spatial spillover effect and try to find ways to improve agricultural water use efficiency from the perspective of influencing factors. The present study used the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1998 to 2018 for obtaining empirical results. The results show that (1) China's agricultural water resources’ utilization efficiency in 21 years has not remained high, the results showed that it was 0.496 in 1998, 0.572 in 2008, and 0.657 in 2018, but it is slowly rising which explains that the low efficiency is mainly caused by the low pure technical efficiency; (2) the overall agricultural water use efficiency in China is in a situation of spatial agglomeration but there has been a trend of shifting positive correlations to negative correlations among neighboring provinces, The study found that compared with 1998 in 2018, high–high agglomeration type and low–low agglomeration type down from 20 provinces 12 provinces, And low – high agglomeration type and high–low agglomeration type’ is increased from 10 provinces to 2018, which specifically manifested as a negative spillover effect; (3) during the research period, the province's agricultural fixed asset investment, fiscal expenditure on agriculture, forestry, and water affairs, the number of years of education of rural residents and the increase in crop sown area have positive impacts on the efficiency of agricultural water use in the province. While the transfer of labor and increase in the disposable income of rural residents reduced the efficiency of agricultural water use in the province. Fixed agricultural investment, labor transfers, and financial expenditures for agriculture, forestry, and water affairs in neighboring provinces have negative impacts on the province's agricultural water use efficiency. The impact is specifically manifested as a negative spatial spillover effect. As a result, China's agriculture will move towards healthy and green development. Therefore, the efficiency of agricultural water use needs to be comprehensively improved.

The Influencing Factors of Water Uses in the Yellow River Basin: A Physical, Production-Based, and Consumption-Based Water Footprint Analysis by the Random Forest Model

“…(5) For industrial structure, the proportions of value added of the primary (PRI) and secondary (SEC) industries to regional GDP are used. (6) For trade, the total inflow (IMP) and total outflow (EXP) are chosen. (7) For water price, the industrial water price (PRICE) is selected.…”

“…In the current research, water use has mainly been studied from two perspectives, namely physical water use and virtual water use [2]. Studies on physical water use have been conducted on national [3], provincial [4], and municipal [5] scales, and industrial water use studies focus on sectors such as agriculture [6] and electricity production [7]. The results of former studies show that water use in China increased significantly from 1997 to 2016, with an insignificant increase in agriculture and a large increase in other industries [8].…”