This study examines the effects of hot air drying operating parameters on salt quality and energy consumption. Temperature, air velocity, and drying time were modified to evaluate their effects on NaCl percentage, water content, whiteness, and hot air drying energy consumption. The results showed that increasing temperatures, air velocities, and drying times decreased water content and increased salt temperatures. Additionally, given several operating parameters, NaCl percentage and whiteness initially increased to an optimum value and decreased, respectively. The decrease in NaCl percentage and whiteness is due to salt's rapid decomposition with hightemperature heating to form a yellow residue. Increasing temperatures and drying times increased energy consumption and decreased drying energy efficiency. However, increasing air velocities increased both energy consumption and drying energy efficiency. The most economical values for energy consumption and drying energy efficiency for one operation cycle were 1.79 kWh and 17%, respectively. This study found that the lowest energy consumption and highest energy efficiency while maintaining high salt quality were achieved at 70ºC with an air velocity of 22.5 m/s and a drying time of 30 min.

Salt farmers in Indonesia generally carry out simple land processing to produce NaCl levels below 90% and productivity below 80 tons/ha. Several separate efforts have been made to increase the quantity and quality of salt in traditional salt production systems. This work examines the threaded system, additive addition, and geomembrane to increase salt production in Ambulu Village, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. The result showed that the quality of salt increases compared to the traditional process. The quality of the salt can be improved. The traditional method of observation contains 91% NaCl. Using a combination of Threaded applications and additives increases the NaCl content by up to 94%. Adding Geomembrane technology from the two previous technologies resulted in salt with a NaCl content of 96%. At the same time, the amount of salt production from Indonesia has also increased to 155 tons/ha, compared to the traditional method, which is 80-90 tons/ha.

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The salt quality was studied by dewatering methods such as centrifugal hydro extraction, fixed bed dryer, and rotary drum dryer. The effect of different salt particle sizes was also analyzed. The centrifugal hydro extractor is found to be effective when reducing the high-water content of salt and suitable for reducing water content after the salt wash stage. Fixed bed dryers produce lower water content than rotary drum dryers. A water content lower than 1% can be achieved using fixed bed dryers. Finally, all dewatering methods such as centrifugal hydro extractors, fixed bed dryers, and rotary bed dryers are suitable for salt production methods. Reduced salt particle size from 30 to 60 mesh also improved the drying performance.

Studies were conducted on the salt quality, such as NaCl percent and whiteness achieved by dry and wet grinding methods. Crude solar salt is carefully collected from traditional solar salt ponds to ensure the uniformity of the sample. Several salt processing methods were applied in this research, such as washing, grinding, and dewatering by centrifuge hydro extractor and drying. The effect of reducing salt particle size to 0.6 and 0.25 mm was also studied. The dry grinding method is conducted before the washing stage, while the wet grinding method is applied after the washing stage. Both dry and wet grinding methods provide high-quality salt products, indicating high NaCl percent and whiteness. The dry grinding method produces higher NaCl percent and whiteness than the wet grinding method. However, the wet grinding method was better in water management and equipment durability with loss of salt losses during the washing stage. Finally, both grinding methods have advantages and disadvantages, so for developing the salt processing industry, both methods should be correctly chosen and match product output requirements.

This study aimed to examine the impact of dietary salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements on mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of Litopenaeus vannamei (white shrimp) reared in brackish water. The experiment was performed randomized design with three replicates in each treatment used twelve 40 L rectangular polymethyl methacrylate containers reared 45 days. The four treatments in this study were based on the concentration of salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements (control or 0 ppm, one ppm, two ppm, and three ppm) in dietary of white shrimp. The results showed that using salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements in dietary of white shrimp positively impacts mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio. Increasing the concentration of salt-based mineral and phosphorus supplements increased mean body weight and survival rate and reduced feed conversion ratio of white shrimp. The mean body weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of white shrimp were achieved with three ppm of dietary salt-based mineral, and phosphorus supplements reared 45 days was 5.98 gr, 88.57%, and 1.45, respectively.

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In this analysis, a hybrid system containing proton conducting electrolyte solid oxide fuel cell (P-SOFC) combined with micro gas turbine (MGT) with biofuel external reforming is investigated to decrease the greenhouse gases problem in electrical power plant. The hybrid system consists of a P-SOFC stack, a MGT, a combustor, compressors, heat exchangers and external reformer. The main operating parameter such as, fuel utilization and steam-to-carbon ratio are determined in this analysis.