The use of bacteria in improving the quality of salt on a laboratory scale is still minimal. Bacteria are found in seawater as raw materials for various types of salt. One of the bacteria that are tolerant to salinity levels in raw saltwater is halophilic bacteria. Exploration of halophilic bacteria isolates contained in seawater as raw material for salt is an effort to provide initial information on the use of these bacteria in improving the quality and quality of salt. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics and gram grouping of halophilic bacteria contained in raw water, reservoir water, and evaporator water during the traditional salt production process. The methods used in this study were bacterial isolation, purification, and gram staining test. Morphological characteristics were carried out by visual observation of bacterial colonies formed in Petri dishes, while the gram test of bacteria was carried out by staining pure isolates. Morphological characteristics and groupings of gram bacteria were observed under a CX43RF binocular microscope with a digital camera type MDCE-5C. The results of this study found 2 isolates circular in raw saltwater, 5 isolates in irregular, filamentous and circular shapes in reservoir water, and 3 isolates in circular and filamentous shape in purification water. The bacterial isolates found varied in the form of groups of gram-negative bacteria and groups of positive bacteria, while the predominant form of bacteria was bacilli. The results of this study are expected to be initial information that can be used as a reference to improve the quality and quantity of salt production.

This study presents the case of an original and traditional knowledge system of palung, which is used in saltmaking in the coastal communities of Bali. The study emphasizes the practicalities of the system and its epistemology using anthropological and sociological methods. It is known that the traditional knowledge system of palung salt production has been preserved through the generations as a form of local wisdom. This traditional knowledge system emphasizes the use of local natural resources in accordance with the coastal ecosystems of Bali, where the cultivation of extracted soil (tanah sari), sand, bamboo, and coconut trees is carried out manually. This study has evidenced that the palung process successfully produces salt of excellent taste and quality. Based on laboratory tests conducted on palung salt samples, the results show that it does not contain any heavy metals and that it has good nutritional content. Because of its use of available natural resources, this traditional knowledge system is sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Bittern adalah salah satu hasil dari proses produksi garam yang saat ini pemanfaatannya belum maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan banyaknya pengotor yang terkadung didalamnya. Sulfat merupakan pengotor tertinggi kedua dalam bittern. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengikat sulfat pada bittern dengan menggunakan CaCl₂.2H₂O dengan metode penambahan yang berbeda-beda. Variasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah perbandingan mol antara bittern dengan Kristal CaCl2. Perbandingan mol terbaik antara bittern dengan Kristal CaCl2 didapatkan rasio sebesar 1: 0.9 dengan kadar sulfat sebesar 4.83 mg/L, dimana kadar awal sulfat pada sampel bittern sebesar 41.257 g/L atau setara dengan 41257 mg/L..

Madura Island is one of the largest salt producing areas in Indonesia. Salt is included in the type of complementary ingredients in every dish. Rich Mineral salt is salt obtained from the total crystallization process without removing various minerals contained in the raw materials, so that the mineral content is higher than consumption salt in general. This study aims to describe the fluctuations and the relationship between physical parameters consisting of water temperature, water density and water level during the salt production process. This study uses three prototype geomembranes with a size of 60x40x16 cm in salt production. This study uses quantitative methods in the form of numbers obtained based on facts in the field. The results of this study are that the three prototypes have a temperature range, water density and water level that are not significantly different. This is showed by the results of the ANOVA test, where the P-value of the three prototypes is greater than the alpha value (α). In this study also obtained a correlation value between the parameters of water density and water level. The correlation value resulting from the calculation of the linear equation between the two parameters is 0.93. Based on these results, it can be interpreted that the water density and water level have a correlation relationship of 93%. So, it can be concluded that the higher the water level, the lower the water level.

The bacteria coliform is one of a kind of negative bacteria commonly found in sea water, the existence of this coliform bacterium can be an indicator of biology that is protracted for environmental conditions. This study aims to find out the environmental conditions by a biological indicator of the bacteria in the Sepuluh regency Bangkalan Madura waters, the main ingredient of this study is seawater and sediment. The analysis shown the density of the bacteria coliform ata research site ranging from 500-800 colonies/ml for water samples and 27-120 MPN/g for sediment samples. The results are still below the raw standard of quality that makes in the Sepuluh water in biological good condition. The presence of the bacteria in the ocean waters can have an effect on humans and biogens. And it's worth considering for coastal environment processing efforts, especially in an effort to preserve the sustainability of fisheries.

This study examines the effects of hot air drying operating parameters on salt quality and energy consumption. Temperature, air velocity, and drying time were modified to evaluate their effects on NaCl percentage, water content, whiteness, and hot air drying energy consumption. The results showed that increasing temperatures, air velocities, and drying times decreased water content and increased salt temperatures. Additionally, given several operating parameters, NaCl percentage and whiteness initially increased to an optimum value and decreased, respectively. The decrease in NaCl percentage and whiteness is due to salt's rapid decomposition with hightemperature heating to form a yellow residue. Increasing temperatures and drying times increased energy consumption and decreased drying energy efficiency. However, increasing air velocities increased both energy consumption and drying energy efficiency. The most economical values for energy consumption and drying energy efficiency for one operation cycle were 1.79 kWh and 17%, respectively. This study found that the lowest energy consumption and highest energy efficiency while maintaining high salt quality were achieved at 70ºC with an air velocity of 22.5 m/s and a drying time of 30 min.

Salt farmers in Indonesia generally carry out simple land processing to produce NaCl levels below 90% and productivity below 80 tons/ha. Several separate efforts have been made to increase the quantity and quality of salt in traditional salt production systems. This work examines the threaded system, additive addition, and geomembrane to increase salt production in Ambulu Village, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. The result showed that the quality of salt increases compared to the traditional process. The quality of the salt can be improved. The traditional method of observation contains 91% NaCl. Using a combination of Threaded applications and additives increases the NaCl content by up to 94%. Adding Geomembrane technology from the two previous technologies resulted in salt with a NaCl content of 96%. At the same time, the amount of salt production from Indonesia has also increased to 155 tons/ha, compared to the traditional method, which is 80-90 tons/ha.

<span lang="EN-US"><em>Salt of Madura is a unique product and dominates in the local and regional markets. It is the result of sweat and sweat from local youth in seeking and living life. The process of using salt additives is an idea that arises because naturally the people of Madura have used it, which is adding trusion in terms of facing the water process that it has. The sea water that experiences the process of adding additives has the highest NaCl, ceramics land 96.02%, LDPE land 95.72% and soil area 93.81%. Whereas those who were not treated had lower NaCl, 93.94% ceramics, LDPE 92.65% and soil 87.78%. And for some treatments for some treatments heavier than others, namely ceramic additives 47.65 Kg, additive LDPE 49.15 Kg, and additive soil 32.50 Kg. While the soil that is not treated is mostly lower in salt, non-additive ceramics 46.75Kg, non-additive LDPE 50.75 Kg and non-additive soil 26.95 Kg.</em></span>