The trend in satellite remote sensing assignments has continuously been concerning using hardware devices with more flexibility, smaller size, and higher computational power. Therefore, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) technology is often used by the developers of the scientific community and equipment for carrying out different satellite remote sensing algorithms. This article explains hardware implementation of land surface temperature split window (LST-SW) algorithm based on the FPGA. To get a high-speed process and real-time application, VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) was employed to design the LST-SW algorithm. The paper presents the benefits of the used Virtex-4QV of radiation tolerant series FPGA. The experimental results revealed that the suggested implementation of the algorithm using Virtex4QV achieved higher throughput of 435.392 Mbps, and faster processing time with value of 2.95 ms. Furthermore, a comparison between the proposed implementation and existing work demonstrated that the proposed implementation has better performance in terms of area utilization; 1.17% reduction in number of Slice used and 1.06% reduction in of LUTs. Moreover, the significant advantage of area utilization would be the none use of block RAMs comparing to existing work using three blocks RAMs. Finally, comparison results show improvements using the proposed implementation with rates of 2.28% higher frequency, 3.66 x higher throughput, and 1.19% faster processing time.

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The Split-Window (SW) algorithm has been developed in order to retrieve Land Surface Temperatures (LST) from Thermal InfraRed (TIR) remote sensing data. In this paper, a study has been carried out using MODTRAN 4.0 radiative transfer code simulations using the TIR channels of the Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellites to obtain numerical coefficients of the proposed algorithms. Results from validation, using the standard atmospheric simulation for various situations and the ground truth data sets demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm. A detailed analysis of the estimated total error in LST-SW,  Total(Ts) , shows that the algorithms are able to estimate accurate LST with mean value of about 1.31 K, a minimum of 1.25 K and a maximum of 1.38 K (with an amplitude of 0.13 K), a standard deviation of about 0.04 K and a root mean square error (rmse) of about 1.31 K.

Transmission of sensitive data in space missions and particularly in satellite remote sensing to the ground station is exposed to multiple threats impacting the confidentiality of data, access unauthorized to the satellite system, in addition, the space environment causes several threats that can affect the hardware of satellites. This paper describes an improved approach to implement a secure Land Surface Temperature-Split Windows (LST-SW) algorithm based on the Advanced Encryption Standard using the Reconfigurable Dynamic Method for application on-board earth observation satellites implemented on radiation-tolerant Virtex-4QV FPGA. The experimental results showed that the proposed hardware secure implementation of the LST-SW algorithm using Xilinx Virtex-4QV FPGA achieves higher throughput of 907.644 Mbps sufficient for satellite remote sensing mission. Moreover, the suggested implementation consumes 4089 Slices and 4 BRAMs. Finally, the authors use security measurement analyses to verify the safety and performance of the proposed encryption LST-SW module.

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