Satellite remote sensing (SRS) needs to make use of up-to-date technology. The trend in SRS missions has always been towards using hardware devices with smaller size, lower cost, more flexibility, and higher computational power. Therefore, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology is highly used by the scientific community and hardware developers to implement different SRS algorithms. Thus, FPGAs offer well-suited architectural features; large number of programmable logic elements, distributed and block RAMs, DSP and register slices and look up tables. This paper describes an approach to the implementation of the Land Surface Temperature Split-Window (LST-SW) algorithm structure based on FPGA technology.
The Split-Window (SW) algorithm has been developed in order to retrieve Land Surface Temperatures (LST) from Thermal InfraRed (TIR) remote sensing data. In this paper, a study has been carried out using MODTRAN 4.0 radiative transfer code simulations using the TIR channels of the Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellites to obtain numerical coefficients of the proposed algorithms. Results from validation, using the standard atmospheric simulation for various situations and the ground truth data sets demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm. A detailed analysis of the estimated total error in LST-SW, Total(Ts) , shows that the algorithms are able to estimate accurate LST with mean value of about 1.31 K, a minimum of 1.25 K and a maximum of 1.38 K (with an amplitude of 0.13 K), a standard deviation of about 0.04 K and a root mean square error (rmse) of about 1.31 K.
Transmission of sensitive data in space missions and particularly in satellite remote sensing to the ground station is exposed to multiple threats impacting the confidentiality of data, access unauthorized to the satellite system, in addition, the space environment causes several threats that can affect the hardware of satellites. This paper describes an improved approach to implement a secure Land Surface Temperature-Split Windows (LST-SW) algorithm based on the Advanced Encryption Standard using the Reconfigurable Dynamic Method for application on-board earth observation satellites implemented on radiation-tolerant Virtex-4QV FPGA. The experimental results showed that the proposed hardware secure implementation of the LST-SW algorithm using Xilinx Virtex-4QV FPGA achieves higher throughput of 907.644 Mbps sufficient for satellite remote sensing mission. Moreover, the suggested implementation consumes 4089 Slices and 4 BRAMs. Finally, the authors use security measurement analyses to verify the safety and performance of the proposed encryption LST-SW module.
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