We sought to determine sensitivity of the cortical impact injury model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to severity of injury and to treatment. We examined the pattern of motor and cognitive deficits and recovery following TBI over a range of injury severities, and examined the efficacy of surface-induced moderate hypothermia at three disparate injury levels. In experiment I, Sprague-Dawley rats were injured at one of eight injury severity levels from 0 mm (sham) to 2.5 mm depth of penetration. On postinjury day 1, balance beam, rotorod performance, and posture reflexes were evaluated. Motor outcome was increasingly impaired with increasing injury levels, with the pattern of deficits showing a step-like function. Cognitive deficits, assessed using water maze on day 7, were more severe for the 2.5-mm group than for the 1.6-mm injury group, while the 1.0-mm group did not differ from the sham controls. In experiments II-IV, hypothermia, 30 degrees C for 3-h duration or normothermia was applied to three injury levels: 1.0 mm, the least cortical deformation; 2.5 mm, the most deformation; and 1.6 mm, representing a level in-between. Neurologic outcome was assessed relative to shams on postinjury days 1, 3, and 5. The 1.0-mm group exhibited small deficits that recovered completely by day 3; the 1.6-mm group recovered to the level of shams by day 5, and the 2.5-mm group did not show significant recovery during the testing period. Hypothermia effectively attenuated behavioral deficits for the 1.6-mm group, but had no effect on the other two groups. These three observations--that increasing injury severity is associated with increasing motor and cognitive deficits, that injury severity is related to recovery time, and that hypothermia treatment is selectively effective--have each been reported in the human TBI population; thus, moderate cortical impact injury in rats may be a model with clinical predictability for evaluating neuroprotective therapies.
<strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigates the development of a sustainable groundwater management strategy in Yogyakarta province through groundwater recharge technologies. This study also compares technologies used in the province and the one already implemented in Perth due to its similar nature in site geology and hydrogeology. <strong>Methodology and Results: </strong>Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. Water depth and hydraulic conductivity data were analyzed using permeameter and GIS program. GIS image analysis of water depth and hydraulic conductivity suggested that the placement of potential aquifer recharge sites would be best suited in the north-east part of the province, slightly outside the study area, to provide water for all. Two recharge schemes of an infiltration basin and an injection well with storm water detention tank were proposed. The injection well was decided upon, despite its higher cost, due to the impermeability of soils in Yogyakarta and possible water seepage to the environment. Similar to Perth’s Hartfield park scheme, an injection well would directly bypass these soil layers to recharge the aquifers with rainwater and storm water. Hartfield Park injects 4400 kL of water/year. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study: </strong>The findings of this study indicate aquifer recharge is a possible solution to overcome Yogyakarta’s high abstraction. Further studies recommend that injection well trials are further developed in terms of location, depth and sizing.
Aim: This study investigates the development of a sustainable groundwater management strategy in Yogyakarta province through groundwater recharge technologies. This study also compares technologies used in the province and the one already implemented in Perth due to its similar nature in site geology and hydrogeology. Methodology and Results: Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. Water depth and hydraulic conductivity data were analyzed using permeameter and GIS program. GIS image analysis of water depth and hydraulic conductivity suggested that the placement of potential aquifer recharge sites would be best suited in the north-east part of the province, slightly outside the study area, to provide water for all. Two recharge schemes of an infiltration basin and an injection well with storm water detention tank were proposed. The injection well was decided upon, despite its higher cost, due to the impermeability of soils in Yogyakarta and possible water seepage to the environment. Similar to Perth’s Hartfield park scheme, an injection well would directly bypass these soil layers to recharge the aquifers with rainwater and storm water. Hartfield Park injects 4400 kL of water/year. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The findings of this study indicate aquifer recharge is a possible solution to overcome Yogyakarta’s high abstraction. Further studies recommend that injection well trials are further developed in terms of location, depth and sizing.
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