TNF-LTA locus could serve as an important biomarker for breast cancer predisposition in Indian population.

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Background: Cervical cancer is the second major female cancer in India and constitutes one-fourth of the world’s burden. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is an essential but insufficient cause for cervical cancer. Genetic variants in microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) play an important role in the susceptibility of various types of cancers. Objective: To evaluate the association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in miR-146a (rs2910164), miR-196a2 (rs11614913), and miR-499 (rs3746444), with cervical cancer susceptibility in Indian population. Methods: Three hundred samples were genotyped by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Both patients and controls were also screened for the presence of HPV DNA. Results: In this case–control study, 125 (83.3%) cervical cancer cases were found to be infected with HPV DNA. The frequency of miR-146a C allele was higher in controls than in cases [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.81 (0.57–1.14), P-value = 0.258]. miR-196a2 T allele was found to be associated with the decreased risk of cervical cancer [OR (95% CI) = 0.36 (0.26–0.50), P-value<0.0001]. Approximately 1.22-fold increased risk has been observed in individuals carrying miR-499 TT genotypes [OR (95% CI) = 1.22 (0.63–2.36), P-value = 0.617]. Interaction studies for miR-196a2/miR-499 loci showed that women carrying TT/CC and TT/CT genotypes were less likely to develop cervical cancer than CC/CC combination [P<0.05]. Likewise, miR-146a/miR-196a2 genotypic combinations (CC/TT, CG/TT, GG/TT) followed the similar trend [P<0.05], exhibited the protective effect against cervical cancer with reference to CC/CC group. Combined genotypes of miR-146a/miR-499 [CC/CT, CG/CC, CG/CT, CG/TT, GG/CC, GG/CT, GG/TT] demonstrated a non-significant trend toward higher cervical cancer risk [OR > 1.00, P>0.05]. Conclusion: Polymorphisms in miR-146a, miR-196a2, and miR-499 individually or collectively have the prospective to emerge as biomarkers for cervical cancer.

The potential association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (G870A and G1722C) of CCND1 with susceptibility to cervical cancer was investigated. The study included 200 cervical cancer cases along with an equal number of healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and direct sequencing were employed for genotyping. We found that women carrying the 870AA genotype have a 2.49-fold increased risk for the development of cervical cancer (odds ratio (OR) 2.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-4.09; p = 0.0004) compared with GG+GA genotypes. For the 1722 locus, the frequency of the polymorphic 'C' allele was strongly associated with a reduced risk of cervical cancer (p = 0.019; OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.54-0.94). Our data suggest that CCND1 G870A polymorphism could act as a risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. And G1722C polymorphism may play a protective role against the development of human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer among Indian women.

The potent tumor suppressors P16 and RB1 are the key regulators of cell cycle machinery in eukaryotes. Polymorphisms in these genes play an important role in the outcome of various diseases including cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the association of p16 and RB1 polymorphisms with cervical cancer susceptibility in Indian population. We screened 150 histologically confirmed cervical cancer cases along with equal number of healthy controls with normal cervical cytology. PCR-RFLP method was employed for genotyping of SNPs in p16 C540G (rs11515), C580T (rs3088440) in the 3'-UTR of exon 3 and RB1 A153104G (rs4151580) located in the intron 18 and confirmed by direct sequencing. Both patients and controls were screened for HPV infection. In this case-control study 84.67% (127/150) of cases were found to be positive for HPV DNA sequence. Women carrying p16 C540G carrier genotypes 540 (CG/GG) may have protective effect for the development of cervical cancer (P=0.0001, OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.17-0.56). And SNP at C580T of p16 gene was found to be negatively associated with the risk of cervical cancer (P=0.0004, OR=0.04, 95% CI=0.002-0.63). p16 (540C/580T) has emerged as a major risk haplotype (P=0.033, OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.05-2.07) whereas p16 (540G/580T) as a chief protective haplotype (P=0.014, OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.18-0.83) for the development of cervical cancer among Indian women. Contrary to this, SNP at A153104G of RB1 gene showed statistically significant association (P=0.035, OR=1.69, 95% CI=1.06-2.68) with increased susceptibility for the development of cervical cancer. Our results suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms in p16, RB1 genes may affect the susceptibility to cervical cancer collectively.

Investigation of potential association of SNPs (G870A, rs9344; G1722C, rs678653) of cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) with susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Kashmir valley (India). The study included 302 subjects comprising 151 ESCC cases and 151 controls. PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing were employed for genotyping. The G870A polymorphism, the individuals carrying GA + AA genotype was having 2.80-fold increased risk for development of ESCC (OR 2.8, 95% CI = 1.77-4.4; P = 0.0001) compared to GG genotype. Further a significantly higher risk was observed in individuals who consume >3 cups per day of salted tea (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.6-16.7; P = 0.0016) and had smoking habits (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.9-13.9; P = 0.0005). We also demonstrate for the first time in CCND1 1722 locus, the CC genotype was strongly associated with increased risk of developing ESCC (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.61-4.15; P = 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of polymorphic C allele was also found to be higher in cases (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.37-2.69; P = 0.0002). There appears to be an influence of CCND1 G870A/G1772C genotypes on genetic susceptibility to ESCC.

Human papillomavirus is considered to be a major aetiological factor but is not sufficient for the development of cervical cancer. Other host factors, including altered homocysteine levels, a functional marker of folate inadequacy, might contribute to the carcinogenic process. Herein we investigated the potential association of homocysteine levels and MTHFR polymorphisms with cervical cancer in 203 histologically confirmed cases including 39 precancer cases and 231 healthy controls with normal cervical cytology. Both patients and controls were screened for human papillomavirus infection. We found that homocysteine and consequently cysteine levels were significantly higher in cases, both cancer and precancer (p < 0.001) than controls. However, polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene (677C/T and 1298A/C) that are reported to modulate homocysteine levels were not associated with disease. Thus, our study establishes an association of total homocysteine levels with the risk of developing carcinoma of the uterine cervix.