Severe river pollution creates a stressful environment for aquatic organisms, causing disturbances to their health and leading to their extinction. Thus, in this study, the stress responses of tolerant (Oreochromis niloticus) and sensitive (Cyprinus carpio) fish to river pollution in the Citarum River, Indonesia were investigated. The two groups of fish were exposed to varying levels and lengths of water pollution, their blood was sampled, and stress responses were identified. The red blood cells (RBC) count, haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBC) count, blood glucose levels, and derived haematological indices such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), were measured. Significant changes in these indices, with tendential changes in RBC and HCT, were observed, indicating that stress responses had occurred in both groups of fish. The sensitive fish recorded more pronounced changes in their haematological activities, with greater amounts of blood parameters being altered in response to water pollution exposure. This result suggested that the sensitive fish were more susceptible to environmental stressors and were, therefore, more vulnerable to extinction in a polluted natural environment.
Abstract. Syahid SF, Heryanto R. 2017. Short Communication: Morpho-agronomic characteristics of twelve accessions of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) germplasm. . White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.) is a potential medicinal plant belong to the family Zingiberaceae. This plant has a good market because of its high demand as raw material for herbal medicine, such as to cure cancer. A germplasm collection of white turmeric collected from different areas of Indonesia is available at Cicurug Research Station of Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Information on characteristics of the accessions, however, are not available yet. This study aimed to determine morphological characters, growth, and yield of 12 accessions of white turmeric. The research was conducted at the Cicurug Research Station from January 2014 to March 2015. Rhizome section of each accession was grown in a 2.5 m x 3.5 m plot at 50 cm x 50 cm plant spacing. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Parameters observed were morphological characters (type of stem, leaf tip, leaf base, leaf shape, stem color, blade color), growth (number of tillers, plant height, number of leaf/stem, leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness) and yield (rhizome weight, rhizome length, rhizome width, and rhizome thickness) respectively. The results showed that morphological characters, growth, and yields of the 12 accessions observed were varied. All of the characters observed could be evaluated further to determine the important traits.
Abstrak. Madihah, Ratningsih N, Malini DM, Faiza AH, Iskandar J. 2017 [33][34][35][36][37][38]. Ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen) teruji dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah pada tikus hiperglikemik dengan dosis efektif 1500 mg/kg BB. Langkah uji pra klinis selanjutnya dalam pengembangan potensi ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol sebagai bahan baku herbal antidiabetes adalah uji toksisitas akut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ) dari ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol dan mengamati histopatologi organ hati yang disebabkan oleh toksisitas ekstrak tersebut. Metode uji toksisitas akut diadaptasi dari panduan OECD 423:2001 dengan batas bawah dosis sqebesar 5000 mg/kg BB. Substansi uji diberikan secara oral pada hewan uji berupa tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Wistar betina dengan dosis tunggal 5500, 6900, 8200, 9100, 12900, dan 17500 mg/kg BB. Gejala toksisitas, perubahan berat badan, dan jumlah hewan uji yang mati diamati selama 14 hari, sedangkan histopatologi pada organ hati diamati pada hewan uji yang mati dan yang hidup setelah periode uji selesai. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa perlakuan ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol hingga dosis 9100 mg/kg BB tidak menimbulkan gejala toksisitas dan penurunan berat badan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Probit, nilai LD 50 dari ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol diprediksi mencapai 15382,412 mg/kg BB, sehingga termasuk ke dalam kategori praktis tidak toksik. Nilai Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) dideteksi pada dosis 5500 mg/kg BB yang menyebabkan kerusakan ringan jaringan hati, berupa nekrosis pada hepatosit dan pelebaran diameter vena sentralis, namun susunan hepatosit dan sinusoid masih normal. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan ekstrak kulit buah jengkol di bawah dosis 5500 mg/kg BB bersifat aman, sehingga dapat dikembangkan sebagai obat herbal terstandarisasi untuk mengatasi diabetes. [33][34][35][36][37][38]. Ethanol extract of djenkol (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen) fruit peel at a dose 150 mg/kg BW has been shown to decrease blood glucose level in hyperglycemic rats. The next preclinical step in the development of djenkol as antidiabetic herbal medicine is acute toxicity test. The purposes of this study were to obtain the lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ) of ethanol extract djenkol fruit peel and to observe the histopathology of rat liver as the result of the toxicity. Acute toxicity test method was adapted from OECD 423:2001 guideline and the limit dose was 5000 mg/kg bb. The animals (female Wistar, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) were orally administered a single dose of the extract at 5500, 6900, 8200, 9100, 12900, and 17500 mg/kg BW. Symptoms of toxicity, weight change, and mortality were noted for 14 days, whereas liver histopathology was observing at the end of test periods. The result showed that ethanol extract of djengkol fruit peel treatment up to dose 9100 mg/kg BW did not cause symptoms of toxicity and weight loss. Probit anal...
Chrysanthemum is widely known as ornamental plants, but chrysanthemums can also be used as medicinal plants and can be processed into healthy beverages known as chrysanthemum tea. The purpose of the PPM activity is to educate the community, especially PKK women who are participants in this activity about the role of chrysanthemum plants in the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as fever, hypertension, osteoporosis, eye healthy and making chrysanthemum tea as a healthy beverage. PPM activities was carried out through outreach activities with presentations and discussions (question and answer), demonstrations of making chrysanthemum tea, and distributing questionnaires to determine participants understanding before and after the implementation of PPM activities. The results of the questionnaire showed that participants knowledge about the use of chrysanthemum as medicinal ingredients increased after participating in outreach activities, as well as the interest in chrysanthemum tea cultivation and entrepreneurship.
Alipin K, Sari EP, Madihah, Setiawati T, Ratningsih N, Malini DM. 2017. Kidney histology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats treated with combined extract of temulawak rhizome and belimbing wuluh fruit. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 312-317. Complications that are occurred in patients with Diabetes Mellitus usually followed by kidney damage. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) were traditionally used to decrease blood glucose level. Thus, they were potential as antidiabetic drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the combination of ethanol extracts of temulawak rhizome and belimbing wuluh fruit in repairing kidney damage in diabetic male Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). An experimental method using a completely randomized design that consist of seven treatments with three replications. Six treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 60 mg/kg BW STZ, and one group served as a control. The animals which have blood glucose level ≥200 mg/dl were stated as diabetic. Furthermore, the animals were treated orally with single extract i.e. temulawak 17.5 mg/kg BW or belimbing wuluh 750 mg/kg BW and combined extracts 383.75 or 767.5 mg/kg BW, as well as glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW as reference, including diabetic rat as positive control and non-diabetic rat as negative control. The results showed that combine extract at dose of 383.75 mg/kg BW treatment repaired the kidney histology, i.e., glomerular diameter and Bowman space width, as well as significantly decreased the necrosis percentage of proximal tubular in diabetic rat compared with positive control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the combined extract of temulawak rhizome and belimbing wuluh fruit has potent to cure renal failure in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.
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