Head and neck masses are classified as sebaceous cysts (epidermoid cysts), cervical lymphadenopathy, benign lipomas, lymph nodes, thyroid swellings, or tuberculosis lymphadenitis that may be painful or painless, adherent or fluctuant. In spite of this, they have distinct prognoses and pathological features. The anatomical location of the swelling and other demographic manifestations of the patient provide valuable information about the cause and type of swelling. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography-CT, and ultrasonography are the gold standard imaging methods for the head and neck examination. These methods are used according to the region considered for the study. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes is known to be effective, simple, and sometimes the only tool for the diagnosis of lymph node malignancies. This review highlights the epidemiological aspect of head and neck masses in the Indian population.
Aloe vera, a popular succulent perennial medicinal plant with a wide range of phytochemicals that have shown various pharmacological activities including anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, wound healing promotion and so on. Acemannan, aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, and emodin are widely investigated active constituents that show various pharmacological activities. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight previous pharmacological studied conducted in vivo, in vitro and human assays over the past decades. As current pharmacological research is focused on anticancer and neurological action, it would be interesting and important to study the main compounds present in Aloe vera for therapeutic purposes.
A four-month-old boy born of first degree consanguinous marriage was admitted in the paediatric ICU with complains of fever since 15 days and decreased feeding for one day. There was no history of rash or abdominal pain. He weighed 4 kilogram, was pale, febrile with pulse rate 138 beats per minute, and respiratory rate 38/minute. Physical examination showed blonde hair, fairer skin and cleft lip [Table/ Fig-1]. Eyes were light brown in colour with nystagmus. Examination of the abdomen revealed hepatomegaly with a nontender liver, smooth surface, sharp border and span of 6.0 cm, but no jaundice clinically or lymphadenopathy. Spleen was palpable 5 cm below, the left costal margin. Cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system were normal.The haemogram findings were as follows: Hb 4.7 g/dl, a total leukocyte count of 7500 cells/μL, P05%, L94% and M01%; and ESR 9 mm at end of hour. Platelet count was 10,000/μL and reticulocyte count 0.5%. Blood group was O negative. The peripheral smear showed macrocytic red blood cells with moderate anisocytosis and fair number of smudge cells. The bone marrow smear showed hypercellular marrow, myeloid to erythroid ratio of 1:1, erythroid hyperplasia with megaloblastic change. Large granules in the cells of myeloid series [Table/ Fig-2] and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in myeloblast. Slightly increased histiocytes and haemophagocytic activity was noted [Table/ Fig-3]. Megakaryocytes were decreased in number. No abnormal blast was seen in the smears examined. Liver Function Test and chest X-ray were within normal limits. Ultrasound abdomen showed hepatosplenomegaly. On ophthalmic examination normal fundus and retinal pigment deficit was noted. Serum ferritin was 530 ng/ ml, cholesterol 193 mg/dl and triglycerides 187 mg/dl. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of accelerated phase of CHS was made.The peripheral blood examination of the parents was unremarkable. The child was given symptomatic treatment in the form of antibiotics, platelet and packed cell transfusion for thrombocytopaenia and anaemia respectively. The child was referred to a higher centre for further management. Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an uncommon and fatal congenital disorder. The characteristic features of CHS are partial oculocutaneous albinism, increased vulnerability to infections, presence of abnormal large granules in leukocytes and an accelerated lymphohistiocytic phase. Accelerated phase at initial presentation is rarely seen as it is usually preceded by repeated episodes of infections. Hence this interesting case of a four-month-old Indian child born to consanguineous parents in accelerated phase at initial presentation is described. The boy presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cleft lip. Clinical diagnosis was leukemia or a lysosomal storage disorder. Cytopaenias, lymphohistiocytic infiltration in bone marrow, and the characteristic large granules in leucocytes helped in the diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of bone marrow in diagnosis of unusual presentatio...
Isolated cysticercosis of anterior abdominal wall without parasitosis of central nervous system is very rare and may mimic a tumor leading to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Histopathological examination plays an important role in making a definitive diagnosis. Here we report a case of a 13-year old Muslim girl presenting with swelling and pain in left lower abdomen which was clinically diagnosed as lipoma. On histopathological examination cysticercus with surrounding inflammation was seen. Since cysticercosis is a preventable disease, early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for the reduction of disease burden in the endemic areas.
Background: Osteomalacia, a metabolic bone disorder characterized by softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate amounts of available phosphorus and calcium, or because of overactive resorption of calcium from the bone as a result of hyperparathyroidism. The diagnosis of Osteomalacia is dependent on clinical, radiographic and biochemical parameters still, none of these are pathognomonic of the disorder, and histologic examination of a bone biopsy, an invasive procedure is usually necessary to confirm the diagnosis. We used diagnostic criteria based on clinical, biochemical and radiological parameters to diagnose Osteomalacia with adequate accuracy. Methodology: This was Cross sectional and observational study. A total of 100 patients age between 18-65 years attending OPD with complaints of persistent, nonspecific and generalized musculoskeletal pain were included in the study. Thorough history was taken and examination was done. They were subjected to biochemical investigation including haemogram, serum vitamin D, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphates, serum PTH and radiological investigation including X-ray: Pelvis with both hips, x-ray lumbosacral spine. We used scoring criteria including pain score and Diet criteria and diagnostic index of1 for diagnosing Osteomalacia. Data received from biochemical test was analyzed and correlated with the clinical findings. Results: We observed that only generalized pain at presentation and vitamin D level of <19.23ng/ml was significantly associated with outcome. On evaluating the combination of presence of these criteria we observed it to be 75% sensitive and 93.8% specific with a PPV of 75% and NPV of 93.8% and an accuracy of 68.8%. Conclusion: Modified two component criteria can be used as for assessment, however, its efficacy against biopsy proven cases of Osteomalacia needs further evaluation apart from its validation in different population groups.
Head and neck lesions are common as compared to other body lesions. In head and neck swellings- cervical lymph node swellings, thyroid swellings and salivary gland enlargement are included. Fine needle aspiration cytology ( FNAC)is less invasive, cost effective, safe and satisfactory OPD procedure. To study the spectrum of lesions in head and neck in our semi urban area. And also assess the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing the palpable head and neck swelling. This retrospective study was conducted in department of pathology over a duration of 6 months on all age group patients in both sex male, female. This study had included total number of 392 patients with neck swelling in both kind of patients either indoor or outdoor. The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) procedure was done in these patients with using 23 gauge needle and 20 ml disposable syringe for aspiration. The study included total number of 392 cases. FNAC revealed 247 cases (63.01%) of cervical lymph node in which non neoplastic lesions were in 146(59.11%) and malignant lesions were in 85(34.41%) cases in which metastatic carcinoma was common. Fine needle aspiration cytology will be more helpful in neck swelling because of safe, cost effective and less painful comparatively biopsy. It can be easily performed in children and old age patients without giving anaesthesia.
We are aware that epidemiological studies have established significant geographical and ethnic differences and this disproportionality is quite high in Southeast Asia, but the numbers are few in the America and other parts of world. Age, female gender, congenital biliary tract abnormalities and genetic predisposition represent imperative irreversible risk factors. Environment factors too have been implicated in causing gallbladder carcinoma. Other causes of gall bladder carcinoma include bile duct cholelithiasis, chronic inflammatory conditions and parasite infestation. These occurrences are associated with high mortality rates. Countries with highest gallstone prevalence usually suffer with greatest gallbladder cancer mortality. Indistinct and unclear clinical signs frequently prolong the gallbladder cancer diagnosis and lead to its eventual development and poor prognosis. Therefore, surgery seems to be viable treatment option which is practiced all around the globe since decades. Some patients are lucky to have gallbladder cancer treated incidentally when cholecystectomy is performed for cholelithiasis. This review is an attempt to genuinely explore the current trends in adenocarcinoma of gall bladder in Northern Indian region by clinicohistological approach.
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