The mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials are largely determined by the kinetics of the phase transformations during the production process. Progress in x-ray diffraction instrumentation at synchrotron sources has created an opportunity to study the transformation kinetics at the level of individual grains. Our measurements show that the activation energy for grain nucleation is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than that predicted by thermodynamic models. The observed growth curves of the newly formed grains confirm the parabolic growth model but also show three fundamentally different types of growth. Insight into the grain nucleation and growth mechanisms during phase transformations contributes to the development of materials with optimal mechanical properties.

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even though these compounds are most prone to such drawbacks, is the negative role of hysteresis. Since all MCE applications have a cyclic character, one of the main pre-conditions is to ensure a total (or at least partial) reversibility of the effect when either fi eld or temperature oscillations are applied. From a material point of view, this means keeping the fi eld or thermal hysteresis that could occur as small as possible. A second drawback of G-MCE materials is related to their mechanical stability. FOTs bring not only sharp magnetization jumps but also discontinuities of other physical parameters, including the unit cell. This "structural" part can have manifold aspects: symmetry breaking or cell-volume or lattice-parameter changes. The most dramatic for the stability of polycrystalline bulk samples turns out to be the cell-volume change. During thermal or magnetic fi eld cycles, the strains generated by a volume change may cause fractures or even destruction of the bulk piece, which severely hinders the applicability of these materials. Technical solutions can be used to overcome this problem, for instance by embedding the MCE material in a resin or by a porous shaping. [ 18 ] However, in such cases the MCE is "diluted", which is not satisfactory since the gap of the magnet is not effi ciently used and the thermal conductivity governing the heat transfer is decreased. Bulk G-MCE materials with a good mechanical stability should remain the preferred solution. Finally, to allow large-scale applications, a last requirement that should be borne in mind is that the MCE material must consist of elements that are available in large amounts, are not expensive, and are not classifi ed as toxic.In this context, the MnFe(P, x ) system appears to be an ideal playground. This material family is derived from the Fe 2 P compound, a prototypical example known for a long time to exhibit a sharp but weak (the latent heat L is only 0.25 kJ kg −1 ) FOT with a Curie temperature ( T C ) of 217 K. [ 19 ] In this hexagonal system, the Fe atoms occupy two inequivalent atomic positions referred to as 3f (in a tetrahedral environment of non-metallic atoms) and 3g (pyramidal). An intriguing aspect is the disappearance at T C of the magnetic moments of the iron atoms at the 3f sites, whereas there is only a limited decrease of the moments at the 3g site. This theoretical prediction has led to a cooperative description of the FOT that links the loss of longrange magnetic order at T C with the loss of the local moments at the 3f site. [ 20 ] This mechanism has recently been proposed to be the origin of the G-MCE observed in MnFe(P,Si). The disappearance of the magnetic moments is ascribed to a conversion from non-bonding d electrons to a distribution with pronounced hybridization with the surrounding Si/P atoms. [ 11 ] A practical consequence is that the FOT mechanism can be expected to be highly sensitive to substitutions at the nonmetallic site. In the present work, precisely this approach has been used to solve three problems of ...

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In 1957, Abrikosov described how quanta of magnetic flux enter the interior of a bulk type II superconductor. It was subsequently predicted that, in an isotropic superconductor, the repulsive forces between the flux lines would cause them to order in two dimensions, forming a hexagonal lattice. Flux-line lattices with different geometry can also be found in conventional (type II) superconductors; however, the ideal hexagonal lattice structure should always occur when the magnetic field is applied along a hexagonal crystal direction. Here we report measurements of the orientation of the flux-line lattice in the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt3, for this special case. As the temperature is increased, the hexagonal lattice, which is initially aligned along the crystal symmetry directions, realigns itself with the anisotropic superconducting gap. The superconductivity in UPt3 is unusual (even compared to unconventional oxide superconductors) because the superconducting gap has a lower rotational symmetry than the crystal structure. This special feature enables our data to demonstrate clearly the link between the microscopic symmetry of the superconductivity and the mesoscopic physics of the flux-line lattice. Moreover, our observations provide a stringent test of the theoretical description of the unconventional superconductivity in UPt3.

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The in¯uence of the microsegregation of Mn, Si, and Cr on the austenite decomposition during isothermal transformations in hot rolled medium carbon steel has been studied by neutron depolarisation, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and optical microscopy. Eight specimens of the same alloy were held at 1173 K for 30 min and were rapidly cooled to different isothermal transformation temperatures. Two-dimensional EPMA maps of the specimen annealed at 1013 K showed that microsegregation of alloying elements in hot rolled steel is strongly related to the ferrite/pearlite band formation. The local variations in alloying element concentration lead to variations in local transition temperatures, which were calculated with the thermodynamic database MTDATA. Similar EPMA maps for the specimen transformed at 953 K demonstrate the presence of microchemical bands, while optical microscopy reveals the absence of microstructural bands. It is shown that the formation of microchemical bands is a prerequisite for band formation, but that the kinetics of the phase transformation determines the actual formation of microstructural bands. A quantitative model has been developed, which describes the observations in terms of the relative difference between ferrite nucleation rates in regions with a high and low local undercooling and the subsequent growth of the ferrite. The isothermal transformation experiments have led to generalised nucleation and growth criteria for the formation of microstructural bands.MST/5150

Man-made engineering materials generally demonstrate excellent mechanical properties, which often far exceed those of natural materials. However, all such engineering materials lack the ability of self-healing, i.e. the ability to remove or neutralize microcracks without (much) intentional human interaction. This inability is the unintentional consequence of the damage prevention paradigm underlying all current engineering material optimization strategies. The damage management paradigm observed in nature can be reproduced successfully in man-made engineering materials, provided the intrinsic character of the various types of engineering materials is taken into account.