This paper is aimed at analyzing food demand system in Indonesia using the 1990's National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data. Using an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), the food demand parameters and elasticities were estimated both in aggregated and disaggregated levels, that is an urban-rural and household's income disaggregation, respectively. The results show that during 1987-1990 period, the share of food expenditure in general has been declining relative to non-food, indicating an increasing welfare of the society. Nevertheless, the increase in welfare appears to be enjoyed by urban citizen than those living in the rural areas. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that the expenditure shares on protein-food (fish, meat, eggs, milk, and legumes) in urban area are higher than those in the rural area. The analysis found that: (I) the price demand elasticity for a number of food groups, including cereals and tuber, tend to decline as income increasing, (2) the income elasticity of demand for cereals is lower as income levels get higher, and the opposite is true for the protein-sources of food. The results of this analysis is therefore confiilii that increasing income of the society will go along with the promotion of food diversification in consumption. PENDAHULUAN Latar BelakangSalah satu kebutuhan yang sangat mendasar bagi manusia adalah pangan, karena pangan merupakan sumber energi yang diperlukan manusia untuk mempertahankan hidup. Oleh karena itu adalah wajar apabila di banyak negara pemerintah memberi perhatian yang cukup besar pada masalah yang berkaitan dengan pangan, baik dari sisi penawaran maupun perrnintaan. Hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan aspek penawaran dan seringkali mendapat perhatian utama antara lain adalah tingkat harga, produksi, ketersediaan pangan dan distribusinya kepada konsllmen. Sedangkan dari sisi permintaan, berbagai aspek yang dijadikan indikator oleh pengambil keputusan antara lain adalah tingkat pendapatan konsumen, tingkat harga pangan serta respon konsumen terhadap perrnintaan pangan tersebut apabila terjadi perubahan tingkat pendapatan dan atau perubahan harga dari pangan tersebut.Permasalahan pangan di Indonesia sangat relevan untuk dikaji, hal ini mengingat bahwa pangsa (share) pengeluaran pangan terhadap total pengeluaran rumah tangga pada tahun 1990 masih cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 67 persen dan 51 persen masingmasing untuk rumah tangga pedesaan dan perkotaan (Biro Pusat Statistik, 1990). Sebagai pembanding, pangsa penge~uaran pangan rumah tangga di Amerika Serikat dan Je-1) Peneliti pada Pusat Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 72
<p>The fulfillment of national milk consumption is still facing the problem of low production, productivity and quality of milk from smallholder dairy farmers. Efforts to improve the performance of dairy farming are continuously being made, one of which is partnership cooperation between the milk processing industry, dairy farmers and dairy cooperative. This paper aims to analyze the success of an innovative partnership between the Frisian Flag Indonesia (FFI) milk processing industry and farmers who are members of the South Bandung Dairy Cooperative (KPBS) Pangalengan through the management of the Milk Collection Point (MCP) program. The study results indicate that the cause of the low quality of fresh milk is influenced by the number of initial bacteria in fresh milk, the milk supply chain from farmers to the milk processing industry is too long, and the cooling system is inadequate. The low quality is the cause of the low selling price of fresh milk. The MCP program has not only succeeded in improving the quality of fresh milk but has also provided price incentives for farmers. Dairy farmers who are members of the KPBS receive incentives to improve the dairy cattle management process in the MCP program's direction. It is recommended that cooperation between dairy farmers, the milk processing industry, and dairy farmer cooperatives should continue to be developed to encourage an increase in milk volume and quality as raw material for the milk processing industry. This effort is expected to have an impact on increasing the income and welfare of the dairy farmers in Indonesia.</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Pemenuhan kebutuhan susu nasional masih menghadapi permasalahan rendahnya capaian produksi, produktivitas dan kualitas susu dari peternak sapi perah rakyat. Berbagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kinerja peternakan sapi perah rakyat terus dilakukan, salah satunya berupa kerja sama kemitraan antara industri pengolahan susu dengan peternak dan koperasi peternak sapi perah. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberhasilan sebuah inovasi kemitraan antara industri pengolahan susu <em>Frisian Flag Indonesia (</em>FFI) dengan para petermak yang tergabung dalam Koperasi Persusuan Bandung Selatan (KPBS) Pangalengan melalui pengelolaan program <em>Milk Collection Point (</em>MCP). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penyebab rendahnya kualitas susu segar dipengaruhi oleh jumlah bakteri awal pada susu segar, rantai pasok penyetoran susu dari peternak kepada industri pengolahan susu terlalu panjang, dan sistem pendingin yang kurang memadai. Rendahnya kualitas menjadi penyebab rendahnya harga jual susu segar. Program MCP tidak saja berhasil meningkatkan kualitas susu segar juga telah memberikan insentif harga bagi peternak. Para peternak yang tergabung dalam KPBS memperoleh insentif untuk meningkatkan proses pengelolaan usaha ternak sapi perah ke arah yang dipersyaratkan oleh program MCP. Kerja sama antara peternak sapi perah, industri pengolahan susu, dan koperasi peternak dapat terus dikembangkan sehingga dapat mendorong peningkatan volume dan kualitas susu sebagai bahan baku industri pengolahan susu. Upaya ini diharapkan berdampak pada peningkatan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan peternak sapi perah di Indonesia.</p>
A common phenomenon in the trade of agricultural commodities is price fluctuation, namely price is falling during harvest and spiking during the off season. A price stabilization policy for rice, which involves an active role of Perum Bulog, is considered successful. However, the same policy is not immediately implemented for other agricultural commodities because of the magnitude of government budget and consideration of BULOG's capacity to execute them. Another attempt carried out by the government to help farmers to cope with price fluctuations is to facilitate the implementation of Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). Although the Act WRS has been published in 2006, its establishment has not performed as expected. This paper aims to identify constraints and problems and look for alternative strategies and policies needed to accelerate the establishment WRS. This study uses primary and secondary data. Location of primary data collection was Indramayu and Subang Regencies, West Java. The results show, among others, that: (i) understanding of WRS and its benefits is limited, (ii) WRS in Indramayu and Subang only covered gabah and rice, (iii) the main users of WRS are traders, (iv) limited availability of warehouses that meets the requirements, and (v) limited involvement and support of Local Government in the implementation and establishment of the WRS. Problem in institutionalizing WRS for agricultural commodities is very complex, because it involves many agencies and stakeholders. Alternative strategies are therefore needed that address those complex problems and impediments. Keywords: Warehouse Receipt System, problems, alternative strategy ABSTRAKFenomena yang umum terjadi pada perdagangan komoditas pertanian adalah anjloknya harga pada saat panen raya dan melonjaknya harga pada masa paceklik. Kebijakan stabilisasi harga untuk gabah dan beras, yang melibatkan peran aktif Perum Bulog, dinilai cukup berhasil. Namun, kebijakan yang sama tidak segera dilakukan untuk komoditas pertanian lain karena alasan besarnya anggaran yang diperlukan dan pertimbangan kemampuan Bulog untuk melaksanakan. Upaya lain yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk membantu petani dalam menghadapi fluktuasi harga tersebut adalah merancang dan memfasilitasi penyelenggaraan Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG). Meskipun Undang-Undang SRG telah diterbitkan tahun 2006, namun implementasinya di lapangan belum menunjukkan kinerja seperti yang diharapkan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui permasalahan dan mencari alternatif strategi dan kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mengakselerasi SRG sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan petani produsen. Kajian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Lokasi pengumpulan data primer difokuskan di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Subang. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, antara lain: (i) masih terbatasnya pemahaman tentang SRG berikut manfaatnya, (ii) jasa SRG di Indramayu dan Subang baru mencakup komoditas gabah dan beras, (iii) pengguna jasa SRG lebih banyak pedagang, dan (iv) terbatasnya ketersediaan gudang yang memenuhi persyaratan, dan (v) m...
The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of economic policy in agroindustry on household poverty and income distribution. Within the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework, agroindustry sector is disagregated into food and non food agroindustry. This study used Susenas data to analyze household poverty and income distribution. The result shows that export, investment, and tax insentive policy in agroindustry have positive impact on household poverty and income distribution, while government expenditure policy give less impact. Policy in non food agroindustry have greater impact on poverty reduction while policy in food agroindustry result greater impact on income distribution improvement. Investment policy in priority industries of agroindustry (rubber, pulp, bamboo and rattan, cigarette, beverage and fisheries food industries) is the most effective policy to reduce household poverty as well as to improve household income distribution. Key words: agroindustry, poverty, income distribution, Social Accounting Matrix ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan ekonomi di sektor agroindustri terhadap kemiskinan dan distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga. Analisis menggunakan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) yang didisagregasi ke dalam agroindustri makanan dan nonmakanan. Analisis kemiskinan dan distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga menggunakan data SUSENAS. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan peningkatan ekspor, investasi, dan insentif pajak di sektor agroindustri berdampak menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan dan memperbaiki distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga, sedangkan kebijakan peningkatan pengeluaran pembangunan pemerintah di sektor agroindustri kurang memberikan dampak positif. Kebijakan ekonomi di sektor agroindustri nonmakanan berdampak lebih besar dalam menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan. Sedangkan kebijakan ekonomi di sektor agroindustri makanan berdampak lebih besar
A drop in agricultural commodity prices at harvest season and difficulty of obtaining farm financing are problems often faced by farmers. Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) is expected to be one among other government efforts to facilitate farmers to cope with these problems. WRS is a delay selling strategy by farmers in a way to temporarily storage their products in the warehouse and sell them at the right time to get the possible highest price. Warehouse Receipt (WR) may be used by farmers as collateral to get loan from designated bank and other financial institution. In general, the implementation of the WRS has been slow and has not been widely used by farmers and other WRS target participants. This paper aims to analyze policy in the implementation of WRS with regard to institutional perspectives of service supplier and users in Subang Regency and to formulate policy options for future performance improvement. Some findings indicate that small land size, the immediate need of cash during harvest season and famers' limited ability to meet quality standards are regarded as constraining factors for farmers to utilize WRS. Lacks of understanding of the concept, benefits, and implementation procedures of WRS remain fundamental problems. These occur at the farm level and in related agencies including local government officials. Dissemination and advocacy of WRS to farmers, farmer groups and all stakeholders need to be undertaken in a wider scale. An active role of local government is urgently needed to accelerate the dissemination of SRG. Keywords: Warehouse Receipt System, institution, farmers' group, cooperative, local government ABSTRAKMerosotnya harga komoditas pertanian saat musim panen dan kesulitan memperoleh pembiayaan usaha tani merupakan fenomena yang seringkali dihadapi oleh para petani. Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG) diharapkan menjadi salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk memfasilitasi petani dan peserta skim SRG lainnya dalam menghadapi permasalahan tersebut. SRG merupakan strategi tunda jual yang dilakukan petani dengan cara menyimpan hasil panennya di gudang pengelola SRG dan menjualnya pada saat yang tepat untuk memperoleh harga yang tertinggi. Resi Gudang (RG) dapat dipergunakan oleh para petani sebagai jaminan untuk memperoleh kredit perbankan atau lembaga keuangan lain yang ditunjuk. Secara umum pelaksanaan SRG masih berjalan lambat dan belum banyak dimanfaatkan oleh para petani dan sasaran peserta skim SRG lainnya. Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan penyelenggaraan SRG dalam perspektif kelembagaan pengelola dan pengguna di Kabupaten Subang dan merumuskan alternatif kebijakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja SRG. Terbatasnya luas lahan garapan, kebutuhan untuk memperoleh uang tunai serta persyaratan kualitas dan volume minimal produk yang ditetapkan pengelola SRG, merupakan pembatas tingkat partisipasi petani dalam memanfaatkan SRG. Keterbatasan pemahaman tentang konsep dan manfaat SRG maupun tata cara pelaksanaannya menjadi permasalahan mendasar, tidak hanya di tingkat petani se...
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