The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is the most serious pest of palms in Turkey. Weevil infestation was first detected in Turkey in summer 2005 in parks and gardens of Mersin province, along the Mediterreanean coast of Turkey. Following the discovery of the pest, destruction of infested plant material, prophylactic insecticide chemical treatments, as well as adult weevil trapping were carried out on palm plantations. Traps containing a commercial aggregation pheromone were hung on palm trees at a high density, in order to monitor the pest infestation and reduce the weevil population by mass trapping. A significant decrease in the number of trapped beetles and destruction of infested plant material was observed in 2009 and continued in the following years in several cities in Turkey. Therefore, it has been observed that mass trapping and curative pesticide applications have played a significant role in the suppression of R. ferrugineus populations in palm plantations.
Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely used in traditional foods, as food supplements or herbal medicines throughout history. Recently, MAPs are generally defined as plants that are used as drugs to prevent or cure diseases in order to maintain health and for other purposes. In general, MAPs used as food, herbal tea, supplementary food and medicine are obtained from nature or through cultivation. There is a worldwide trend of increased use MAPs, and although treating diseases with medicinal plants is more common in Far East countries, the trade of herbal medicinal products is a rising market in western societies. When we consider the trend of MAPs, Turkey is an important genetic center of many plant species thanks to its geographical location and genetic diversity. In addition, Turkey is a main partner of many countries that demand MAPs products for the world MAPs market. In this paper, the current situation of MAPs production in the world and Turkey are reviewed based on available data. In addition, this review touches upon Turkey's historical, cultural and economic situation as well as the subsidies for and research and development (R&D) activities focused on MAPs. Finally, the opportunities, potential, problems and outlook in this area are described in order to inform future decisions about MAPs.
Rust diseases (Puccinia spp.), namely stripe, leaf and stem rusts, are among the major diseases of wheat. Their management requires integrated approaches including timely surveillance, speedy communication and rapid response. This surveillance system was developed in order to facilitate participation of extension offices (in provinces/districts) in the survey of wheat rust diseases and sharing of information quickly. The SMS based system was tested as a pilot tool in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey connecting 25 districts in 5 provinces through an SMS network during the rust development period (April–July) in 2013. The observations from 268 fields indicated that leaf rust and stem rust development was insignificant in the districts covered, occurring in only 2.3% and 1.9% of the fields respectively. Stripe rust prevalence was higher occurring in 44.8% of the fields. Of the inspected fields 2.5% had infected plant incidences between 15% and 40% requiring control measures. Using the SMS reports received from the extension officers, the system facilitated daily monitoring of rust development and exchange of observations among the relevant institutions, also sending out alert messages to designated authorities as necessary. The study demonstrated that the system can serve as a rapid surveillance and communication tool to facilitate timely decision making and rapid response to prevent wheat rust epidemics.
İnsanoğlunun en içgüdüsel ihtiyacı gıdadır. Günümüzde 7 milyardan fazla insan için gıda güvenliğini sağlamak hiç kolay değildir. Birleşmiş Milletler'in tahminlerine göre 2050 yılında Dünya nüfusu 9 milyarı aşacaktır. Bu nedenle tarımsal işlemlerin verimliliğini artırmak için birçok analitik araç kullanarak arazideki değişkenlikleri yönetmek ve birim alandan yüksek verim elde etmek bir gerekliliktir. Dijital teknolojileri kullanarak uluslararası ve yerel pazar taleplerini takip etmek, küresel rekabetçi bir üretime kavuşarak GSYİH'ye önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunulabilir. Tarım sektörü, üretim, gıda güvenliği ve beslenme, değişen iklim koşulları, çevresel bozulma, kara deniz biyoçeşitliliğinin kaybı ve uluslararası tarımsal emtia piyasalarının fiyat dalgalanması ile ilgili sayısız zorlukla karşı karşıya kalsa da, modern teknolojilerin, tarımda kullanımının yaygınlaşması tarımı bilgi odaklı hale getirmiştir. Dolayısıyla tarım sektöründe dijitalleşmeyi yaygınlaştırmak ve desteklemek son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle, doğru ve ilgili bilginin doğru zamanda (kullanıcı dostu), uygun formatta ve en uygun iletişim aracının kullanılmasıyla sunulması çok önemlidir, böylece iletilen bilgiler, insanların geçim kaynakları üzerinde bir etkiye sahip olacaktır. Bu çalışma ile Tarım ve Gıda sektöründe dijital teknoloji kullanımında mevcut durum, sorunlar ve olası çözüm önerilerin Ar-Ge açısından değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.
Plum pox virus (PPV) is the most dangerous viral agent of stone fruits. PPV can be transmitted by vector aphids and may cause serious damage on fruits, leaves and flowers of Prunus species, especially on plum, apricot, and peach. Eradication of infected plants is one of the most recommended control methods of PPV in the world. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the National PPV survey and eradication program carried by the National Plant Health Authority between 2013 and 2018. During the six years of study, approximately 60.000 trees in 96.26% of Turkey were screened for PPV symptoms and 21.394 samples were collected from suspected plants from seven different fruit species. The samples were tested by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), and then ELISA questionable samples were verified by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction). Based on the six years results, 2.718 samples from 161 locations were determined as PPV positive and the infection rate was calculated as 12.70%. During this study, 78.868 trees were eradicated. By the help of intensive monitoring and eradication program, PPV infection rate decreased from 35.72% to 7.47%. On the other hand, PPV infection was firstly recorded and eradicated in seven provinces (Aydın, Bolu, Denizli, Erzincan, Kırıkkale, Sivas, Samsun) which have been knownas PPV-free before. This study showed that eradication is a very effective way to suppress PPV infection and spread. In conclusion, the national survey and eradication program should be operated nationwide and concentrated in nurseries.
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