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The objective of present study was to specify the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, and antityrosinase activities of Verbascum oocarpum Murb., together with its volatile components. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of V. oocarpum indicated substantial antioxidant activity derived from benzoic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin compounds. The methanolic extract displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. It also exhibited a higher IC 50 value on tyrosinase than kojic acid, and lower acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor activities than galantamin. MTT analysis revealed that high concentrations of V. oocarpum extract can result in cytotoxicity, with an IC 50 of 0.444 mg/mL. Common volatile components included pentadecane, hex-2(E)-enal, limonene, phenylacetaldehyde, isophorone, 1-methoxy-4-(2propenyl)-benzene, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4h)-benzofuranone and hexadecane. V. oocarpummay be of potential benefit to the food, cosmetical, and pharmaceutical sectors owing to its potent anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, volatile components, and limited cytotoxicity.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different extraction methods and chemical composition of the essential oil and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) from Rhododendrum caucasium Pall. The volatiles of R. caucasicum have been isolated by hydro distillation (HD) and SPME. The compositions of the volatiles were characterized by GC-FID/MS. A total of twenty-five and thirty-one compounds were identified constituting over 89.25%, and 90.33% of volatiles obtained with HD and SPME, respectively. The main volatile constituents of R. caucasicum were found to be calarene (46.13% (HD) and 54.91% (SPME)) and sandaracopimaradiene (25.93% (HD) and 8.16% (SPME)). Furthermore, the obtained essential oil (EO) and solvent extracts (n-hexane and methanol) of R. caucasicum were tested against the following nine bacteria: Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The EO showed moderate antimicrobial activities with the inhibition zone from 6 to18 mm against E. faecalis, S. aureus, B. cereus and M. smegmatis, respectively. Methanol extract gave better antimicrobial activity against the P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and B. cereus with the almost 15 mm inhibition zones.

Volatile constituents of the essential oil which was obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) in a Clevengertype apparatus from the air-dried Salvia staminea Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham (Lamiaceae) collected from Bayburt (North East Part of Black Sea Reagan of Turkey), were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Additionally, volatiles for the whole part of S. staminea were analyzed by two different methods which are headspace (HS)-GC-FID/MS and headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME)-GC-FID/MS. As results of this study, thirty compounds from hydrodistillation, fifteen constituents from HS-SPME and two components from headspace of S. staminea were identified with GC-FID/MS. The major compounds identified in the essential oil, SPME and HS of S. staminea were linalyl acetate (23.30%, 85.07%, and 87.55%) and linalool (22.05%, 9.02%, and 12.44%), respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of S. staminea were screened against seven microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albican) and showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria which is consistent with the literature with the other types of Salvia species. The essential oil of S. staminea showed good antioxidant activity with IC 50 60.4 µg/mL.

Obesity, defined as new world syndrome, is an epidemic that causes global health problems and big economic losses. Natural products have been gain increasing importance for the epidemic because of their antiobesity potency. Jurinea genus comprised approximately 200 species worldwide and has been used as a therapeutic agent for colic, fever, gout, and rheumatism, traditionally. The aim of this study was to analyze the volatile components, to determine its phenolic compounds and to evaluate its antiobesity potentcy of Jurinea brevicaulis BOISS. A widespread method based on solid-phase microextraction technique (SPME) was employed for GC-MS analysis of volatile components of J. brevicaulis. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds of J. brevicaulis was performed using RP-HPLC. To evaluate the antiobesity effect, the inhibitory effects of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase of the species were determined. A total of 19 volatile components were specified and o-cymene (10.60 %), β-Bisabolene (9.30 %), and sesquicineole (57.5 %) for different terpenes were described as major components. According to HPLC analysis, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin were determined for the species. IC50 value of the species was determined as 36.59 ± 2.37 μg/mL and 42.56 ± 2.83 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays, respectively. IC50 value was found 50.31 ± 3.75 μg/mL, according to lipase inhibition studies. Considering all the findings, it has been determined that the species is included diverse volatile components, antiobesity effective three phenolic compounds, and showed promising antiobesity potential so J. brevicaulis may be the up-and-coming candidate of natural product for obesity.

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