Cyclophosphamide (Cyc) is known to cause ovotoxicity and infertility in women. Our aim is to investigate the possible ovotoxic effects of Cyc and possible antioxidant and protective effects of blue-green algae, Spirulina (Sp), in rat ovaries. Eighteen rats were given: group I ( = 6, control); group II ( = 6, CP), a single dose Cyc; group III ( = 6, Sp+Cyc), 7 days Sp+single dose Cyc. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities are assessed biochemically. Normal and atretic primordial and primary follicle counts for all sections obtained for each ovary are calculated. Mean number of follicle counts for each group are compared. In Sp+Cyc group, tissue MDA levels were significantly lower than those in the CP and higher than those in the C group (CP > Sp+Cyc > C). Tissue SOD activity was significantly higher in Sp+Cyc group than that in the CP group and lower than that in the C group (C > Sp+Cyc > C). No statistically significant difference was found between the ovarian CAT activities in any group. Histomorphometrically, there was also no significant difference between the mean numbers of normal and atretic small follicle counts. Our results suggest that single dose Cyc has adverse effects on oxidant status of the ovaries and Sp has protective effects in Cyc-induced ovotoxicity.

Background. The use of a suction drain in thyroid surgery is common practice in order to avoid hematomas or seromas. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of routine drainage after thyroid surgery. Methods. In this prospective randomized trial, 400 patients who underwent either a total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for thyroid disorders were randomly allocated to either the nondrainage (group 1) or the drainage (group 2) group. The volume of fluid collection in the operative bed, postoperative pain, complications, and length of hospital stay were then recorded. Results. Both groups were homogeneous according to age, gender, thyroid volume, type of procedure performed, and histopathological diagnosis. After assessment by USG, no significant difference was found between the groups in the fluid collection of the thyroid bed (P = 0.117), but the length of hospital stay was significantly reduced in group 1 (P = 0.004). Conclusions. In our experience, the use of drain for thyroid surgery is not a routine procedure. However, it should be used in the presence of extensive dead space, particularly when there is retrosternal or intrathoracic extension, or when the patient is on anticoagulant treatment. This trial was registered with clinical Trials.gov NCT01771523.

Background. The association of gallstones with Helicobacter pylori has been investigated but not clearly demonstrated. In this study, the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladder mucosa of patients with symptomatic gallstones was investigated. Method. Ninety-four consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstone disease were enrolled for the study. Gastroscopy and gastric H. pylori urease test were done before cholecystectomy to all patients who accepted. After cholecystectomy, the gallbladder tissue was investigated in terms of H. pylori by urease test, Giemsa, and immunohistochemical stain. Results. Overall 35 patients (37%) gallbladder mucosa tested positive for H. pylori with any of the three tests. Correlation of the three tests Giemsa, IHC, and rapid urease test was significant (r s: 0590, P > 0.001). Rapid urease test was positive in the gastric mucosa in 47 (58.7%) patients, and it was positive in the gallbladder mucosa in 21 patients (22%). In 15 patients both gastric and gallbladder tested positive with the urease test. There was significant correlation of rapid urease test in both of gallbladder and gastric mucosa (P = 0.0001). Conclusion. Study demonstrates the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladders of 37% of patients with symptomatic gallstones.

This study was designed to evaluate the preventive role of melatonin (Mel) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) in biochemical and apoptotic events leading to tissue injury and renal dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: sham-operated, I/R, Mel þ I/R, VD3 þ I/R, and Mel þ VD3 þ I/R. The rats were intraperitoneally administered with Mel (10 mg/kg), VD3 (0.5 μg/kg), or Mel (10 mg/kg) plus VD3 (0.5 μg/kg) each day at 1 week prior to ischemia. Right nephrectomy was initially performed and left renal I/R injury was induced by 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 45 min of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for histopathologic and biochemical evaluation. Mel and VD3 had an ameliorative effect on biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and apoptosis (caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining) in the kidneys against renal I/R injury in rats. Additionally, VD3 combined with Mel significantly reduced apoptotic and histological alterations when compared with Mel or VD3 alone. This preventive effect on renal tubular apoptosis was remarkable when Mel was combined with VD3.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the 10-gauge vacuum-assisted stereotactic biopsy (VASB) of isolated Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4 microcalcifications, using histology and follow-up results. METHODSFrom January 2011 to June 2013, VASB was performed on 132 lesions, and 66 microcalcification-only lesions of BI-RADS 4 were included into our study. VASB was performed using lateral decubitis stereotaxy for all patients. Pathologic results of VASB and further surgical biopsies were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were diagnosed to have benign lesions by VASB were referred for follow-up. VASB and surgical histopathology results were compared to determine the underestimation ratios. RESULTSFifteen out of 66 lesions from 63 patients (median age, 47 years; range, 34-88 years) were identified as malignant by VASB. Pathological results after surgery revealed three cases of invasive ductal carcinoma among the 12 VASB-diagnosed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions, for a DCIS underestimation rate of 25%. The atypical ductal hyperplasia underestimation rate was 0% for the three lesions. The follow-up period was at least 10 months, with an average of 22.7 months for all patients and 21.2 months for patients with VASB-diagnosed benign lesions. None of the patients had malignancy during the follow-ups. The false-negative rate was 0% in the follow-up of 48 patients. CONCLUSION VASB should be the standard method of choice for BI-RADS 4 microcalcifications. This method obviates the need for a surgical procedure in 73% of BI-RADS 4 microcalcification-only patients.

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis (XGS) is a rare form of chronic inflammation of the fallopian tubes. A 41-year old woman with a history of secondary infertility for 2 years is presented. The patient underwent bilateral salpingooopherectomy with presumptive diagnosis of adnexal mass with cystic component. Intraoperative pathology consultation was done. The diagnosis of bilateral XGS associated with chronic active follicular salpingitis was made. XGS is reported to be caused by an unsuccesfully treated pelvic inflammatory disease. Its association with chronic active follicular salpingitis has not been previously reported. Chronic active follicular salpingitis with xanthogranulomatous inflammation might give the impression of a cystic adnexal mass with septations on preoperative pelvic computed tomography. Frozen sections are necessary to rule out malignancy as done in our case.

ÖZET Amaç:Tiroid nodülleri toplumda sık görülmesine karşın bunlarda malignite olasılığı daha azdır. Malign olguların doğru bir biçimde ayırt edilebilmesi için sonografik olarak malignite kuşkulu tiroid nodülüne ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi (İİAB) yapılması günümüzde noninvaziv bir yöntem olarak uygulanmaktadır. Metod:±Hastanemiz radyoloji anabilim dalında 2009-2012 yılları arasında yapılan tiroid İİAB lerini yeniden değerlendirmeyi, cerrahi uygulanan hastaların sitolojikhistopatolojik bulguları ile US verilerini karşılaştırmayı ve bulguları güncel literatür eşliğinde tartışmayı amaçladık. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 280 hastaya ait 284 nodül alınmıştır. Hastaların 234 tanesi kadın (%83,57), 46 tanesi erkek (%16,42) tir. Kadın erkek oranı 5,08/1 dir. Yaş ortalaması 50,12±10,3 dir. Her hastada patolog tarafından hızlı hasta başı değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Toplam 156 (%54,9) lezyonda 1 kez; 91 (%32,0) lezyonda 2 kez ve 29 (%13,1) lezyonda 3 kez girişim yapılmıştır. Ortalama girişim sayısı 1,55'tir. Her olgu için incelenen lam sayısı ortalama 5,44 adettir. Tanısal olmayan/değerlendirme için yetersiz materyal sayısı 7'dir (%2,5). Hiçbir hastada işlem sırasında veya sonrasında komplikasyon izlenmemiştir (%0). İİAB sonuçlarına göre ameliyat edilen 34 hastanın sitolojik ve histopatolojik tanıları korele edilmiştir. İİAB'nin maligniteyi saptamada doğruluk, özgüllük, duyarlılık, negatif ve pozitif beklenen değerleri sırasıyla %85.00; %86.20; %81.81; %92.59; %69.23 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak tiroid nodüllerine tanı/tedavi yaklaşımında US eşliğinde İİAB testi, hastalığın yönetiminde oldukça güvenilir, non-invaziv bir yöntemdir. Bu testin başarısı sadece sitolojik tanıya ulaşılabilmesi değil olası moleküler testler için de uygun nitelikte örnek elde edilebilmesiyle mümkündür.