These data provide insights into the potential association of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in A. hydrophila from marketed mullet in Egypt, which could pose threats to humans even if a weak positive correlation exists between both genes.

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

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Background and Aim: Milk is a chief source of many nutrients. However, we must also bear in mind that it is a potential source for many cases of food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of cow mastitis and evaluate the presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and contact humans in El-Behira Province, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 680 milk samples from 170 cows and 86 human samples consisting of 43 hand swabs and 43 nasal swabs were analyzed. The milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test. Results: The general occurrence was 23.1% (157/680) where 48 quarters had clinical mastitis and 109 had subclinical mastitis. Subsequently, S. aureus was isolated in Baird-Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 48 samples of mastitic milk studied, 16 (33.3%) showed contamination by S. aureus whereas 109 samples of subclinical mastitis showed contamination in only 18 (16.5%). On the opposite hand, of the 86 human samples, 33 revealed S. aureus contamination, corresponding to 38.37% of the samples. Furthermore, multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc and the staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were performed after culture, revealing that 88.2% (30/34) of milk samples and 93.9% (31/33) of human samples were variably positive to those genes. Conclusion: The use of nuc gene based PCR is an accurate and rapid method for S aureus isolates detection. A high prevalence of multiple drug-resistant isolates of S. aureus recovered from both human and milk represents further evidence for possible veterinary hazards as well as public hazards, especially to those that consume milk from this region.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of Mycobacterium infection in camel sera collected before slaughter and gross lesion tissue collected at postmortem (PM) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bacteriological culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, serum samples from humans who had occupational contact with camels were tested by ELISA and sputum sample by culture. Materials and Methods: ELISA was performed on serum samples antemortem. In addition, bacteriological culture and PCR were conducted after PM. Tuberculosis infection was identified in humans who had contact with camels using ELISA for serum samples and culture for sputum samples. Results: Tuberculous lesions were detected in 184 of 10,903 camels (1.7%). The ELISA results revealed that of the 184 examined camel serum samples, 124 (67.39%) were positive and all 20 camel serum samples that had no associated tuberculous lesions were negative. Moreover, only one of 48 (2.08%) human serum samples was positive by ELISA. Mycobacterial culture revealed 112 isolates from the 184 examined camel samples (60.87%), while human sputum sample cultures were all negative. PCR analysis identified the mpb70 gene in three of seven randomly tested samples. Conclusion: Gene sequencing was performed on two samples and the sequences were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank (accession numbers MF990289 and MG59479). A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the partial DNA sequences of the mpb70 gene; the similarity between the isolates was 98.1%. The similarities between the two isolates and the standard strains of Mycobacterium bovis in GenBank were 98.1% and 100%, respectively. Further investigation on the antemortem detection of M. bovis infection in camels is needed to decrease public risk.