Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae Isolated from Layer Farms and Humans in Egypt.

Abstract

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteric Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Febrile Neutropenic Patients and Poultry in Egypt

“…Moreover, strong evidence was obtained when the standard strain that was used showed the same resistance patterns. Moreover, our findings nearly coincide with those obtained by Diab et al [12] using 12 antimicrobials: 86.4% were resistant to oxytetracycline and streptomycin, followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%) and norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%). On the contrary, 90.9% were sensitive to gentamicin.…”

“…Salmonella is a major cause of food-borne illness in humans, and salmonellosis is mainly contracted through ingestion of contaminated food of poultry origin including, undercooked meat, eggs, and other poultry-derived food [ 12 ]. The Salmonella organisms can survive in undercooked food and then be transmitted to humans, causing pathological conditions, such as gastroenteritis and fever in humans, which can be associated with significant clinical consequences and complications.…”

“…These results corroborate those reported by Ahmed et al [ 13 ], who found that the isolation rate from stool swabs was 18.7% of Salmonella spp. On the other hand, Diab et al [ 12 ] isolated Salmonella from stool samples in a percentage of 4.4% and also serotyped these isolates as S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Adesoji et al [ 14 ] isolated Salmonella in a percentage of 60% from stool samples of diarrheic patients.…”

Molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes isolated from mastitic milk and humans in El-Behira, Egypt

“…The use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and animals is poorly controlled, leading to the development of drug resistance. Multidrug-resistant bacteria, including S. aureus, are, therefore, frequently isolated from both humans and animals [20,21].…”

Molecular Detection, Serotyping, and Antibiotic Resistance of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated from She-Camels and In-Contact Humans in Egypt

“…The excessive and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and plants was considered one of the main contributors to increasing the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In the past, some authors asserted that there were no multiple drug-resistant bacteria among the causes of mastitis [ 24 , 25 ].…”