Identification of myocardial dysfunction in septic patients has been a challenging task. Troponin I, a serum marker of myocardial injury, may be of great help in the recognition of myocardial involvement by sepsis in a noninvasive and readily available way.

IntroductionThe treatment of septic patients emphasizes the optimization of oxygen utilization by tissues through maintenance of an adequate oxygen supply, minimizing the cellular dysfunction progression [1]. Blood cell transfusion is frequently used with the intention of augmenting arterial oxygen content and its utilization by the tissues [2]. Blood cell transfusion efficacy in septic patients is still not convincingly demonstrated and previous studies report conflicting results. When oxygen consumption is calculated by Fick's method [3], it is demonstrated to have increased following red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. However, such increase is not always corroborated by indirect calorimetry [4]. Discrepancies of results may be explained by the mathematical coupling of data used pHi = intramucosal pH; RBC = red blood cell. AbstractBackground Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is commonly used to increase oxygen transport in patients with sepsis. However it does not consistently increase oxygen uptake at either the whole-body level, as calculated by the Fick method, or within individual organs, as assessed by gastric intramucosal pH. Aim This study evaluates the hemodynamic and oxygen utilization effects of hemoglobin infusion on critically ill septic patients. Methods Fifteen septic patients undergoing mechanical ventilation whose hemoglobin was <10 g% were eligible. Ten patients (APACHE II: 25.5 ± 7.6) received an infusion of 1 unit of packed RBC over 1 h while sedated and paralyzed. The remaining five control patients (APACHE II: 24.3 ± 6.0) received a 5% albumin solution (500 ml) over 1 h. Hemodynamic data, gastric tonometry and calorimetry were obtained prior to and immediately after RBC transfusion or 5% albumin infusion. Results Transfusion of RBC was associated with an improvement in left ventricular systolic work index (38.6 ± 12.6 to 41.1 ± 13.0 g/min/m 2 ; P = 0.04). In the control group there was no significant change in the left ventricular systolic work index (37.2 ± 14.3 to 42.2 ± 18.9 g/min/m 2 ). An increase in pulmonary vascular resistance index (203 ± 58 to 238 ± 49 dyne/cm 5 /m 2 ; P = 0.04) was also observed, while no change was produced by colloid infusion (237 ± 87.8 to 226.4 ± 57.8 dyne/cm 5 /m 2 ). Oxygen utilization did not increase either by Fick equation or by indirect calorimetry in either group. Gastric intramucosal pH increased only in the control group but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Hemoglobin increase does not improve either global or regional oxygen utilization in anemic septic patients. Furthermore, RBC transfusion may hamper right ventricular ejection by increasing the pulmonary vascular resistance index.

Since the ancient Greeks, we have learned that the pathophysiology of the human diseases relies on blood-borne humoral factors. This was the case with the sepsis myocardial depression, whose associated morbidity and mortality remained untouched during the last decades. Despite the growing knowledge of the possible involved mechanisms, our understanding of this serious condition is still in its infancy. Controversies have surrounded the real origin of septic-induced myocardial dysfunction, and it has been ascribed to inflammatory mediators, NO generation, interstitial myocarditis, coronary ischemia, calcium trafficking, endothelin receptor antagonist, and apoptosis. Although not fully understood, myocardial injury/depression remains a challenge for critical care practitioners.

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There is a relative shortage of appropriate organs available for transplantation. The appropriate diagnosis of brain death, a suitable family approach and the maintenance of the deceased donor are fundamental in addressing this issue. The intensive care physician plays a key role in the maintenance of the deceased donor, thereby reducing losses and increasing the number of successful transplants.

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A monitorização de funções vitais é uma das mais importantes e essenciais ferramentas no manuseio de pacientes críticos na UTI. Hoje é possível detectar e analisar uma grande variedade de sinais fisiológicos através de diferentes técnicas, invasivas e não-invasivas. O intensivista deve ser capaz de selecionar e executar o método de monitorização mais apropriado de acordo com as necessidades individuais do paciente, considerando a relação risco-benefício da técnica. Apesar do rápido desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitorização não-invasiva, a monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva com o uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) ainda é um dos procedimentos fundamentais em UTI. O objetivo destas recomendações é estabelecer diretrizes para o uso adequado dos métodos básicos de monitorização hemodinâmica e CAP. MÉTODO: O processo de desenvolvimento de recomendações utilizou o método Delphi modificado para criar e quantificar o consenso entre os participantes. A AMIB determinou um coordenador para o consenso, o qual escolheu seis especialistas para comporem o comitê consultivo. Outros 18 peritos de diferentes regiões do país foram selecionados para completar o painel de 25 especialistas, médicos e enfermeiros. Um levantamento bibliográfico na MedLine de artigos na língua inglesa foi realizado no período de 1966 a 2004. RESULTADOS: Foram apresentadas recomendações referentes a 55 questões sobre monitorização da pressão venosa central, pressão arterial invasiva e cateter de artéria pulmonar. Com relação ao CAP, além de re

The use of echocardiography in the intensive care unit for patients in shock allows the accurate measurement of several hemodynamic variables in a noninvasive way. By using echocardiography as a hemodynamic monitoring tool, the clinician can evaluate several aspects of shock states, such as cardiac output and fluid responsiveness, myocardial contractility, intracavitary pressures, and biventricular interactions. However, to date, there have been few guidelines suggesting an objective hemodynamic-based examination in the intensive care unit, and most intensivists are usually not familiar with this tool. In this review, we describe some of the most important hemodynamic parameters that can be obtained at the bedside with transthoracic echocardiography.