The article gives the definition of «restoration-reconstructive transformation» (RRT). Four interconnected systemic levels of the complex process of restoration- reconstructive transformations of the historical centers of small towns have been identified, namely: urban, volumetric, functional and socio-economic. The general principles of the complex process of RRT of the historical centers of small towns are formulated. These are the principles of: «cumulative development» (the accumulation of positive properties that together contribute to its qualitative change, a combination of «traditions» and «innovations»); «contextual addition» (introduction of the necessary new buildings and spaces according to the formed context); «attractive spatial disclosure» (increasing the attractiveness of the historical center) and «multi-comfort» (providing a qualitatively different duration of stay of different people in the historical center). The principles are recommended for the implementation of qualitative changes in historic centers at all defined four systemic levels. They are universal for the historical environment, of any degree of value and destruction, when carrying out the restoration-reconstructive transformations using preserving and restoring, as well as renewing and transforming methods, to improve its quality and transition to a multi-comfortable one. The principle of «cumulative development» is highlighted as the main one in the implementation of the restoration-reconstructive transformations of the historical city centers. The conditional correspondence of the general principles and methods of RRT was determined. For the principles of «cumulative development», «attractive spatial disclosure» and «multi-comfort» – all preserving, restoring, renewing and transforming RRT methods of urban level and the corresponding ones from the volumetric and functional levels, depending on the degree of value and destruction of the historical environment. For the principle of «contextual addition» – restoring, renewing and transforming RRT methods of urban level (regeneration, revalorization, renewal, revitalization, transformation, renovation) with the corresponding methods of volumetric and functional levels.
The definition of contextuality is given. The material and non-material components of the urban context are highlighted. The factors of influence on its formation and development have been determined. It was found that the formed certain architectural and urban planning context, which determines the unrepeatability of the city, is the result of the total impact on the internal features and properties of existing buildings and open urban space the external natural, historical-cultural, historical-political, national, religious and socio-economic, and also information technology and legal factors throughout the entire period of the city's existence. The parameters are highlighted as defining characteristics of the "place", according to which it is proposed to evaluate the "sustainability" of the historically established architectural and urban planning context. It is assessed as the preservation and harmonious development of these defining characteristics in eddition with modern new elements and connections. It is important for possible restoration-reconstructive transformations in order to preserve context's uniqueness, ensure sustainable continuity and increase attractiveness through the activation of existing historical accumulations and their addition with modern new ones. K e y w o r d s : Architectural and urban planning context; Contextuality; Sustainability.
The definition of «restoration-reconstructive transformation» (RRT) is given as a complex process of interconnected restoration and reconstruction changes in buildings, open urban spaces and urban architectural environment as a whole to increase value and integrity and move them to a new qualitative level. Introduced as uniting all restoration and reconstructive qualitative changes – transformations. Depending on the activity of the intervention, four degrees of RRT were identified: preservation, amplification, correction and change. Preservation and amplification – referred to the restoration, correction and change – to the reconstructive transformations. For each degree of PPT, the corresponding methods are highlighted. The restoration ones correspond to the I and II degrees of the RRT – preservation and amplification. Reconstructive – III and IV degrees of RRT – to correction and change. Their classification is proposed: 1) according to the activity of intervention on: preserving, restoring, renewing and transforming. Preserving and restoring – restoration, renewing and transforming – reconstructive; 2) for the implementation of qualitative changes at different system levels: urban planning, volumetric and functional. Based on the generalization of existing problems that violate the sustainable development of small historical towns and must be solved during the RRT in them, namely: urban planning, architectural, utilitarian-functional, infrastructural, ecological and socio-economic, 5 components of the complex process of RRT their historical centers were identified – ecological, historical-cultural, infrastructural, social and economic. For each component the tasks are outlined. They should be solved at the selected 4 system levels: urban planning, volumetric, functional, socio-economic.
The article deals with the systematization of existing restoration and reconstructive methods in a hierarchical order, depending on the possibility of introducing a new one into the historically established – from, the gentlest, restoration to the most active reconstructive. Their classification is proposed: according to the activity of the intervention – into preserving, restoring, renewing, transforming; to carry out qualitative changes at different system levels – urban planning, volumetric and functional. Preserving and restoring methods are classified as restoration, and renewing and transforming methods are classified as reconstructive. Their correspondence is shown depending on their activity in bringing new into the historical formed and their use for various system levels in the implementation of the complex process of restoration-reconstructive transformations. A brief explanation of each method is provided. It has been determined that the use of the restoration or reconstructive methods depends on the qualitative indicator of the existing state of the selected site, namely, its degree of value (historical-architectural value) and the degree of destruction (integrity). It is recommended to use restoration methods (preserving and restoring) for sites of the I and II degrees of value and integrity, and reconstructive methods (renewing and transforming) for sites of the III and IV degrees of value and integrity. It was indicated that the restoration methods correspond to the I and II degrees of restoration-reconstructive transformations, and the reconstructive methods correspond to the III and IV degrees of the RRT. For the effectiveness of the complex process of restoration-reconstruction transformations in any historical urban environment, it is recommended to use not individual methods, but their combinations.
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